Mitochondrial creatine kinase: a key enzyme of aerobic energy metabolism

This study was designed to investigate quantitatively the interference of thyroglobulin autoantibodies in the RIA of human thyroglobulin (hTG). Anti-hTG autoantibodies were combined with purified hTG to produce samples with known antibody titers and hTG concentrations. These samples were analyzed in the RIA. By using anti-human globulin serum it was first shown that immune complexes formed between labeled hTG and human anti-hTG. It was then shown that the most important factor in determining the direction of the interference was the specificity of the precipitating (second) antiserum with respect to these immune complexes. When the precipitating antiserum was specific, i.e. did not recognize human antibodies, the immune complexes remained in the supernatant and the measured hTG concentration was falsely elevated. When the precipitating antiserum cross-reacted with human antibodies, the direction of the interference depended on the sample volume. At small volumes there was false depression while at large volumes there was false elevation of apparent hTG levels, depending on the capacity of the precipitating antiserum to combine with human antibodies. Anti-hTG titers far below those detected by the tanned-red cell hemagglutination test had very large effects, to the point where measurements of hTG could not be made, when a cross-reactive precipitating antiserum was used. Therefore, the procedure which investigators have used until now, to exclude samples with anti-hTG hemagglutination titers above an arbitrary limit, is not adequate. It is necessary, until methods are developed which avoid the problem of autoantibody interference, to characterize each assay to determine the limits of anti-hTG that can be tolerated. The factors which influence anti-hTG interference in the hTG RIA are 1) the specificity of the precipitating antiserum, 2) the sample volume, 3) the maximum tracer binding, and 4) the anti-hTG titer.

Radioimmunoassay of human thyroglobulin: effect of antithyroglobulin autoantibodies.

The level of thyroglobulin in plasma was measured in 904 subjects with a history of head and neck irradiation during childhood to evaluate its potential value in screening for and differentiating thyroid neoplasms. Mean plasma thyroglobulin level was significantly elevated in subjects with nodular thyroid disease versus those without evidence of nodules (49.8 versus 27.0 ng/ml). However, the overlap with normal subjects does not allow thyroglobulin assays to serve as the only screening procedure. The mean levels in subjects with benign and malignant thyroid nodules were indistinguishable (48.8 versus 53.9 ng/ml). Thirteen percent of otherwise normal-appearing subjects had elevated values that may represent clinically inapparent thyroid disease. It is concluded that in screening large numbers of persons at risk for thyroid neoplasia, thyroglobulin assays are useful in combination with other modes of evaluation. The assay is without value in distinguishing benign from malignant disease.

Plasma Thyroglobulin in Detecting Thyroid Carcinoma after Childhood Head and Neck Irradiation

During the last 7 years, there have been a number of investigations of the incidence of various types of neuromuscular dysfunction in patients with schizophrenic and affective illnesses and their first-degree relatives in comparison with appropriate controls, including nonpsychotic psychiatric patients. Before reviewing these studies, it may be of value to discuss why neuromuscular dysfunction might be expected in virtually any disease of the nervous system—a category in which, thanks to recent genetic studies, we may now confidently include schizophrenia and the primary affective illnesses. The evidence for central nervous system involvement in a variety of diseases with apparently primary skeletal muscle involvement will also be presented. There are numerous instances of known disease of the brain in which pathologic changes in lower motor neurons, with consequent effects on skeletal muscle fiber morphology and function, are found. \"Central atrophy\" is the name given to the atrophy of skeletal muscle fibers, which frequently develops after various chronic brain diseases, particularly tumors of the parietal lobe (Fenichel, Daroff, and Glaser 1964, Koinov and Markov 1971, and Van Crevel 1969). Depth electrode studies in chronic schizophrenics have demonstrated abnormal electrical discharges in various parts of the cerebral cortex, including the parietal lobe (see Mirsky 1969). The mechanism of central atrophy is believed to be loss of the trophic (nutrient) influence of the upper

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Neuromuscular dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes

Effect of incubation in human plasma on electrophoretic mobility of brain-type creatine phosphokinase

Carcinoembryonic antigen and antibodies to thyroglobulin and to a microsomal fraction of thyroid were measured. Persons examined were normal volunteers, patients with thyroid cancer, and patients with a history of childhood irradiation to the thymus and/or tonsil who were otherwise normal. Elevated antigen and antibodies were most frequently found in the cancer thyroid group. Thyroid cancer patients with no previous history of childhood irradiation were more frequently positive for antigen and antibodies than all other categories studied. Thyroid cancer patients with a previous history of childhood irradiation showed normal frequencies of antigen and antibodies. The results suggest that the antigenic expression and host response to the tumor in patients with thyroid cancer depend on its pathogenesis. Mention is made of similar findings in animal model systems.

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/35/10/2689.full.pdf

Carcinoembryonic antigen and humoral antibody response in patients with thyroid carcinoma

The further heterogeneity of creatine kinase: Presence of isoenzymes of cathodic mobility in rat tissues

CEA was prepared by combined isoelectric precipitation, ultrafiltration and column chromatography under controlled conditions of pH. The resulting immunologically active materials were higher in carbohydrate (85-87%), N-acetyl galactosamine (10-11.5%) and galactose (28-32%) content than that previously reported. Differences in amino acid yield were also noted; the concentrations of aspartate, serine, glycine and alanine being higher and that of lysine, histidine, arginine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine and tyrosine were lower than that reported for CEA prepared by previous methods. The tumor tissues for CEA extraction were obtained from two Group O Rh positive deceased. Neither preparation showed Group A or B activity as measured by hemagglutination inhibition. It is suggested that the method of purification influences the carbohydrate and amino acid yields.

Jong In Joung

Papers

Effect of incubation in human plasma on electrophoretic mobility of brain-type creatine phosphokinase

Carcinoembryonic antigen and humoral antibody response in patients with thyroid carcinoma

The further heterogeneity of creatine kinase: Presence of isoenzymes of cathodic mobility in rat tissues

Preparation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) containing significantly increased amounts of galactose and galactosamine.