This chapter contains sections titled: Product Definition for Broadband Wireless Systems Technology Drivers Evolving Wireless Broadband Market Segments Open Systems and Intelligence at the Edge Radio Network System Engineering References

Always Best Connected

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications enable networked devices and services to exchange information and perform actions seamlessly without the need for human intervention. They are viewed as a key enabler of the Internet of Things (IoT) and ubiquitous applications, like mobile healthcare, telemetry, or intelligent transport systems. We survey existing work on mobile M2M communications, we identify open challenges that have a direct impact on performance and resource usage efficiency, especially the impact on energy efficiency, and we review techniques to improve communications. We review the ETSI standard and application protocols, and draw considerations on the impact of their use in constrained mobile devices. Nowadays, smartphones are equipped with a wide range of embedded sensors, with varied local and wide area connectivity capabilities, and thus they offer a unique opportunity to serve as mobile gateways for other more constrained devices with local connectivity. At the same time, they can gather context data about users and environment from the embedded sensors. These capabilities may be crucial for mobile M2M applications. Finally, in this paper, we consider a scenario where smartphones are used as gateways that collect and aggregate data from sensors in a cellular network. We conclude that, in order for their use to the feasible in terms of a normal depletion time of a smartphone's battery, it is a good advice to maximize the collection of data necessary to be transmitted from nearby sensors, and maximize the intervals between transmissions. More research is required to devise energy efficient transmission methods that enable the use of smartphones as mobile gateways.

Towards efficient mobile M2M communications: survey and open challenges.

In the last decade, many vehicles which contain components to monitor different conditions (such as driver monitoring, tire pressure, oil pressure, vehicle speed, acceleration and position) have emerged. Internet of Things (IoT) is enabling the collection of different types of information from a given environment. The integration of results from both trends has led to the emergence of the concept of Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The implementation of IoV requires devices (sensors, personal devices, actuators, among others) to communicate with other devices and the infrastructure using different technologies. Such device interactions face several design challenges such as incompatibility among the devices, different qualities and response times for the Internet connection, limited processing and storage capabilities. To address these challenges, we propose a comprehensive framework that supports a layered design architecture capable of providing seamless integration for inter-device communication int...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/24751839.2017.1295601

A seven-layered model architecture for Internet of Vehicles

This paper proposes a secure low-power group key management scheme based on LKH++. In our scheme, we construct a secure tree to manage group keys. The building method of key tree and holding way of keys are proposed by our scheme to reduce computation and storage overhead on each sensor node. In addition, WLKH supports rekeying to enhance network security and survivability against node capture. Performance analysis shows WLKH is highly efficient in term of security, computation and key storage.

LKH++ Based Group Key Management Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network

Advances in wireless communication technologies are driving the evolution toward ever faster networks in terms of throughput and latency. At the same time, machine-to machine (M2M) communications is expected to have considerable potential with millions of devices connected within the following years. M2M communications is one of the key capabilities for implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT). Due to this potential, several standard organizations are now focusing on developing enhancements into their standards to support M2M communications. As there is no consensus for the architecture of a general scenario for M2M communications, the heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network (HetMANET) can generally be considered suitable for the M2M challenges. Hence, this calls for the IP mobility management, allowing a device to connect to services and access technologies that are best suited for that need. To examine how-to improve the HetMANET concept using existing standards such as IEEE 802.11 and 3GPP Evolved Packed Core (EPC) this paper introduces a straightforward and energy efficient algorithm for vertical handovers. A reference implementation of the handover concept in Android based vehicular-to-infrastructure is introduced. This reference implementation examines energy and performance efficiency in heterogeneous network environment. In addition, real-life use cases with real life services on top of WLAN and cellular network environments are presented to back up the selected approach.

Efficient Handovers for Machine-to-Machine Communications between IEEE 802.11 and 3GPP Evolved Packed Core Networks

The concept of always-best-connected (ABC) refers to a person's ability to connect and use services with devices and access technologies that best suit to his or her needs. One of the recent standards to cover this concept is the 3rd Generation Partnership Project evolved packed system (EPS). It offers, an operator-friendly way to manage ABC connectivity in a heterogeneous network environment. However, the existing mobile devices are not supporting all of the requirements of EPS. At the same time, the standard is going through evolution where key elements such as mobility management protocols and procedures are still being developed. This research reviews and addresses constrains to the ABC concept through implementations in Android environment. The research shows that off-the-shelf devices are lacking the needed handover performance for real-time communication in a heterogeneous network. With the help of slightly modified device environments for simultaneous connections over different network access technologies, the results were approaching near real-time communication capability (delay around 100---200 ms depending of selected approach). The trade-offs in terms of energy consumption were measured. The discussion then leads to multihomed devices for really tapping the potential of seamless handovers with the ABC concept.

Always Best Connected Heterogeneous Network Concept

Mobile Internet has rapidly evolved in the past years with an ever increasing number of novel technologies and services with a variety of access technologies. Indeed, today's mobile devices often support multiple communication technologies for accessing Internet services. However, they all do not tap the full potential of these capabilities, as users often have to manually select each network, and only one network is used at a time. The concept of Always Best Connected (ABC) allows a person to connect applications using the devices and access technologies that best suit to his or her needs, thereby combining the features of access technologies to provide an enhanced user experience for future Internet. This Always Best Connected scenario has been considered to be complex and to generate a number of requirements, not only for the technical solutions, but also in terms of business relationships between operators and service providers. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardized the Evolved Packet System (EPS), where one of the key features is a support access system selection based on a combination of operator policies, user preference and access network conditions. The standard focuses mainly on the operator point of view, and the user is expected to follow this approach. Nevertheless, the standard offers a number of possibilities where the user-centric approach can improve the ABC network selection over the selection predefined by the operator. This research shows how to design a simple but efficient algorithm for the network selection when implementing an Always Best Connected application for mobile devices. This application works with the EPS standard. A real-life implementation and proof-of-concept performance measurements are presented. This will show that in real-life the simple and straightforward methods can provide efficient solutions for problems known to be complex.

Real-Life Performance Analysis of Always-Best-Connected Network

Mobile Internet has rapidly evolved in the past years with an ever increasing number of novel technologies and services with a variety of access technologies. Indeed, today's mobile devices often support multiple communication technologies for accessing Internet services. For users the accessing of these data hungry services means that the mobile device has to be charged more often. Energy efficiency in mobile device communication has been considered to be out of users hands. The concept of Always Best Connected (ABC) allows a person to connect applications using the devices and access technologies that best suit to his or her needs, thereby combining the features of access technologies to provide an enhanced user experience for future Internet. This Always Best Connected scenario can make mobile device more energy efficient by using always the most energy efficient connection. Mobile communication networks and connected devices consume a small fraction of the global energy supply. However, meeting the rapidly increasing demand for more capacity in wireless broadband access will further increase the energy consumption. For example Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast 2010-2015 expects compound annual growth rate of 92 percent during 2010 to 2015 Operators are now facing both investing in denser and denser networks as well as increased energy cost. Current cellular systems based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) is characterized by high spectrum efficiency, but low energy efficiency. In urban areas as well as in homes and offices alongside cellular networks IEEE 802.11 (WLAN in this papers context) networks are available. In this heterogeneous network environment the communication energy efficiency can make significant difference when considering how often the user has to recharge the mobile device. In this article we analyze energy efficiency of Always-Best-Connected solution. The application is used in measurements in a various real-life use-cases. The results are showing that algorithm can improve overall energy efficiency without compromising the user experience.

Power Consumption Analysis of the Always-Best-Connected User Equipment

A prospective next generation wireless network is expected to integrate harmoniously into an IP-based core network. It is widely anticipated that IP-layer handover is a feasible solution to global mobility. However, the performance of IP-layer handover based on basic Mobile IP (MIP) cannot support real time services very well due to long handover delay. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Network-based Localized Mobility Management (NETLMM) working group developed a network-based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6. Moreover, PMIPv6 provides the IP with the mobility to support User Equipments (UEs) without it being required to participate in any mobility-related signaling. This was one of the reasons why the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) chose PMIPv6 as one of the mobility management protocols when defining the Evolved Packed System (EPS). One of the key features of the standard is its support for access system selection based on a combination of operator policies, user preference and access network conditions. Although Android, which is one of the most popular “mobile” operating system, is not officially supporting IPv6 nor PMIPv6, this paper analyzes the required challenges for IPv6 and PMIPv6 usage and handover performance with real-time services. The analysis and measurement results show that, with the modifications presented IPv6 and PMIPv6 may be supported and utilized for localized mobility management and seamless handovers. ...

Joonas Koskinen

Papers

Efficient Handovers for Machine-to-Machine Communications between IEEE 802.11 and 3GPP Evolved Packed Core Networks

Always Best Connected Heterogeneous Network Concept

Real-Life Performance Analysis of Always-Best-Connected Network

Power Consumption Analysis of the Always-Best-Connected User Equipment

Proxy Mobile IPv6-Based Seamless Handover