Statistics for Spatial Data.

Differential-phase-shift keying (DPSK) has recently been used to reach record distances in long-haul lightwave communication systems. This paper will review theoretical, as well as implementation, aspects of DPSK, and discuss experimental results.

Optical phase-shift-keyed transmission

Recent developments in rare-earth doped materials for optoelectronics

Fiber-optic communication systems form the high-capacity transport infrastructure that enables global broadband data services and advanced Internet applications. The desire for higher per-fiber transport capacities and, at the same time, the drive for lower costs per end-to-end transmitted information bit has led to optically routed networks with high spectral efficiencies. Among other enabling technologies, advanced optical modulation formats have become key to the design of modern wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) fiber systems. In this paper, we review optical modulation formats in the broader context of optically routed WDM networks. We discuss the generation and detection of multigigabit/s intensity- and phase-modulated formats, and highlight their resilience to key impairments found in optical networking, such as optical amplifier noise, multipath interference, chromatic dispersion, polarization-mode dispersion, WDM crosstalk, concatenated optical filtering, and fiber nonlinearity

Advanced Optical Modulation Formats

Investigations of magnetic micro- and nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery began over 30 years ago. Since that time, major progress has been made in particle design and synthesis techniques, however, very few clinical trials have taken place. Here we review advances in magnetic nanoparticle design, in vitro and animal experiments with magnetic nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery, and clinical trials of drug targeting.

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Magnetic nanoparticles for gene and drug delivery.

Extended reach highly-scalable, fully passive WDM/TDM-PON allows reaching >1000 users along protected 100 km by colorless ONUs, centralized light-generation and control, single-fiber access and remote amplification. ONUs are based on 1.25/2.5/5Gbps-capable RSOA and downstream at 10 Gbps.

Scalable Extended Reach PON

We report the transmission of a record 6 Tbit/s capacity over 6,120 km distance, involving channels modulated at 42.7 Gb/s bit-rate with differential phase-shift keying (DPSK). The performance is found similar to DPSK with subsequent pulse carving, namely RZ-DPSK.

WDM transmission at 6-Tbit/s capacity over transatlantic distance, using 42.7-Gb/s differential phase-shift keying without pulse carver

We present here the main results for reach extension in passive optical network (PON) technologies. Both passive and active architectures integrating several multiplexing techniques are studied, and they provide promising results for the future generation of optical access networks. Extender boxes based on optical amplification and optical-electrical-optical (OEO) repeaters are evaluated over a standardized gigabit PON (GPON) system. With this architecture, the optical budget of a class B+ access network can be increased so as to achieve a total budget of 65 dB. Furthermore, using the technique of remotely pumped optical amplification on a wavelength division multiplexing/time division multiplexing (WDM/TDM) topology, the optical budget of a class C+ PON tree could be increased by an additional 22 dB amounting to a total budget of 55 dB. These results are promising since they should enable high flexibility on the optical budget to achieve more reach and splitting ratio, which are prerequisites needed for the migration to the next-generation access networks.

Reach Extension Strategies for Passive Optical Networks [Invited]

Spatial division multiplexing (SDM) has been presented as a key solution to circumvent the nonlinear Shannon limit of standard single-core fibers. To implement SDM, multi-core fiber (MCF) technology becomes a top candidate that is leveraged by the very low inter-core crosstalk (XT) measurements obtained in real laboratory MCF prototypes with up to 22 cores. In this work, we concentrate on the design of MCF-enabled optical transport networks. To this goal, we present a methodology to estimate the worst-case transmission reach of the optical signals (at different bit rates and modulation formats) across MCFs given real laboratory XT measurements. Next, we present an optimal integer linear programming (ILP) formulation for the design of a flex-grid/SDM optical transport network that makes use of the transmission reach estimations. Additionally, an effective simulated annealing (SA)-based heuristic able to solve large problem instances with reasonable execution times is presented. Once the proposed heuristic is adequately tuned and validated, we use it to compare the resource utilization in MCF-enabled network scenarios against currently available multi-fiber link solutions. Numerical results reveal very close performances with up to 19 cores/fibers in national backbone network scenarios and up to 12 cores/fibers in long-haul continental ones.

Flex-grid/SDM backbone network design with inter-core XT-limited transmission reach

An ultra low-cost electronic solution to achieve 10 Gb/s transmission by means of passive equalization and duobinary encoding using an RSOA with 1.5 GHz electrical bandwidth is demonstrated.

Jose A. Lazaro

Papers

Scalable Extended Reach PON

WDM transmission at 6-Tbit/s capacity over transatlantic distance, using 42.7-Gb/s differential phase-shift keying without pulse carver

Reach Extension Strategies for Passive Optical Networks [Invited]

Flex-grid/SDM backbone network design with inter-core XT-limited transmission reach

10 Gb/s RSOA transmission by direct duobinary modulation