Qualitative methods for health research , Qualitative methods for health research , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران

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Qualitative methods for health research

Since initially writing on thematic analysis in 2006, the popularity of the method we outlined has exploded, the variety of TA approaches have expanded, and, not least, our thinking has developed a...

Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis

This article explores various analytical issues involved in conceptualizing the interrelationships of gender, class, race and ethnicity and other social divisions. It compares the debate on these issues that took place in Britain in the 1980s and around the 2001 UN World Conference Against Racism. It examines issues such as the relative helpfulness of additive or mutually constitutive models of intersectional social divisions; the different analytical levels at which social divisions need to be studied, their ontological base and their relations to each other. The final section of the article attempts critically to assess a specific intersectional methodological approach for engaging in aid and human rights work in the South.

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Intersectionality and Feminist Politics

R e-reading Doing Gender has confirmed its status for me both as a landmark publication and as a missed opportunity. Its achievement was to build on, develop, and promote Garfinkel's (1967) focus on the mundane production of gender in interaction. What was missing was a description of a scholarly method for doing so. Doing Gender was published in the same year as my first book, The Social Construction of Lesbianism (Kitzinger 1987). Although my per spective derived from the sociology of knowledge (especially Berger and Luckmann 1967) and West and Zimmerman's from ethnomethodology, there were clear resonances between my interest in understanding how the category "lesbian" was constructed, negotiated, and managed and their concern with "what is involved in doing gender as an ongoing activity embedded in everyday interaction" (West and Zimmerman 1987, 130). What these two pieces also share is that neither had a methodology ade quate to its theoretical aims. According to West and Zimmerman (1987, 127) the aim of their article was primarily theoretical. Although various studies were cited as provid ing evidence of "doing gender," no particular attention was paid to the methodologies used in these studies, which seem-with a few exceptions to be a mix of analysis of ethnographic observation, interviews, and diaries. The implication of this omission is that the practices involved in "doing gender" can be isolated and described by relatively straightforward sociological observation and self-report. Effectively the same position is taken in Doing Difference (West and Fenstermaker 1995), which extends the ethnomethodological theory of gender to cover race and class (rele gating "sexual orientation" to footnote 15), and treats the production of these "differences" as transparently accessible both to the sociological observer and (often) to social participants themselves.

Doing Gender: A Conversation Analytic Perspective

This meta-analysis surveyed 177 usable sources that reported data on gender differences on 21 different measures of sexual attitudes and behaviors. The largest gender difference was in incidence of masturbation: Men had the greater incidence (d = .96). There was also a large gender difference in attitudes toward casual sex: Males had considerably more permissive attitudes (d = .81). There were no gender differences in attitudes toward homosexuality or in sexual satisfaction. Most other gender differences were in the small-to-moderate range. Gender differences narrowed from the 1960s to the 1980s for many variables. Chodorow's neoanalytic theory, sociobiology, social learning theory, social role theory, and script theory are discussed in relation to these findings.

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Gender differences in sexuality: a meta-analysis.

A major problem in research on the effectiveness of sex therapy procedures has been the lack of a valid and reliable measure of sexual functioning. In many other types of direct, behavioral therapy (e.g., assertiveness training) the patients can be directly observed while engaging in the target behavior. In the area of sexual behavior, ethical and social considerations obviously make direct observation impossible. Consequently, many clinicians have relied on the patients’ unsystematic verbal report as the measure of treatment outcome. This chapter offers a structured behavioral self-report inventory as an alternative to such informal assessment.

The Sexual Interaction Inventory: A New Instrument for Assessment of Sexual Dysfunction

The Social Construction of Lesbianism.

This chapter reports on the use of masturbation in the treatment of women who have never experienced orgasm (primary orgasmic dysfunction). A nine-step program was developed by the authors that includes directed masturbation in conjunction with sensate pleasuring and other therapy procedures.

The Role of Masturbation in the Treatment of Orgasmic Dysfunction

Handbook of sex therapy

The present status of 38 couples who had been treated at a clinic for sexual dysfunction 3 years previously was determined by a self-report assessment battery. The battery consisted of the Sexual Interaction Inventory, the Locke-Wallace Marriage Inventory, and the Sexual History Form completed at pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, 3 months after treatment, and at 3-year follow-up. An additional Follow-up Questionnaire was completed at the 3-year point only. At 3-year follow-up, analysis of data by diagnostic category indicated that sexual desire dysfunction for both men and women was particularly resistant to sustained behavioral change. Men with erectile difficulty reported significant improvement in their ability to maintain erections during intercourse but not in their ability to achieve erections prior to intercourse. Data from men with premature ejaculation revealed some immediate significant posttherapy gains, which, with the exception of length of foreplay, were not sustained at 3-year follow-up. For women with global inorgasmia, a significant increase in orgasmic response was reported. Data from women with situational orgasmic difficulties indicated some success in improving frequency of orgasm through masturbation and through genital caress; however, these changes did not reach statistical significance. Across all diagnostic categories, both men and women respondents reported increased satisfaction in their sexual relationship. Satisfaction in the marital relationship showed a more varied response pattern.

Joseph LoPiccolo

Papers

The Sexual Interaction Inventory: A New Instrument for Assessment of Sexual Dysfunction

The Social Construction of Lesbianism.

The Role of Masturbation in the Treatment of Orgasmic Dysfunction

Handbook of sex therapy

Clinical follow-up of couples treated for sexual dysfunction