http://bipop.inrialpes.fr/software/private/deleva.pdf

Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters.

Elbow and shoulder kinetics for 26 highly skilled, healthy adult pitchers were calculated using high-speed motion analysis. Two critical instants were 1) shortly before the arm reached maximum external rotation, when 67 N-m of shoulder internal rotation torque and 64 N-m of elbow varus torque were generated, and 2) shortly after ball release, when 1090 N of shoulder compressive force was produced. Inability to generate sufficient elbow varus torque may result in medial tension, lateral compression, or posteromedial impingement injury. At the glenohumeral joint, compressive force, joint laxity, and 380 N of anterior force during arm cocking can lead to anterior glenoid labral tear. Rapid internal rotation in combination with these forces can produce a grinding injury factor on the labrum. After ball release, 400 N of posterior force, 1090 N of compressive force, and 97 N-m of horizontal abduction torque are generated at the shoulder; contribution of rotator cuff muscles in generating these loads may result in cuff tensile failure. Horizontal adduction, internal rotation, and superior translation of the abducted humerus may cause subacromial impingement. Tension in the biceps tendon, due to muscle contraction for both elbow flexion torque and shoulder compressive force, may tear the anterosuperior labrum.

Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms

Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking.

The paper describes the design and control of a transfemoral prosthesis with powered knee and ankle joints. The initial prototype is a pneumatically actuated powered-tethered device, which is intended to serve as a laboratory test bed for a subsequent self-powered version. The prosthesis design is described, including its kinematic optimization and the design of a three-axis socket load cell that measures the forces and moments of interaction between the socket and prosthesis. A gait controller is proposed based on the use of passive impedance functions that coordinates the motion of the prosthesis with the user during level walking. The control approach is implemented on the prosthesis prototype and experimental results are shown that demonstrate the promise of the active prosthesis and control approach in restoring fully powered level walking to the user.

/pdf/design-and-control-of-a-powered-transfemoral-prosthesis-hsu8pq35hd.pdf

Design and Control of a Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

Anatomical data necessary for the analysis of human motion are presented on the total living body segmented into sixteen parts. Cadaver data from Dempster (1955) are applied to water displacement data obtained on 135 living subjects (35 men and 100 women) to obtain the weight, center of gravity, and radius of gyration for the segmented extremities. Thirty-three of these subjects (15 men and 18 women) were used to obtain the weight of the segments of the trunk, using the water displacement method, and sixteen of these subjects (7 men and 9 women) were used to locate the center of gravity of each trunk segment. A lead model was constructed using the trunk data to obtain the radii of gyration in both the sagittal and frontal planes. A single male cadaver was dissected to compare the trunk measurements with the lead model results.

Anatomical Data for Analyzing Human Motion

: This study was designed to supplement existing knowledge of the weight, volume, and center of mass of segments of the human body and to permit their more accurate estimation on the living from anthropometric dimensions. Weight, volume, and center of mass of 14 segments of the body were determined on 13 male cadavers. Presented are descriptive statistics of these variables as well as a series of regression equations predicting these parameters from anthropometry. Included in the seven supporting appendices are reports of studies of the mid-volume of segments as an approximation of their center of mass, relationships between standing and supine anthropometry, postmortem changes in gross body size, and comparisons between densities of fresh and preserved human tissues.

https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0710622.pdf

Weight, volume, and center of mass of segments of the human body

This study of 46 living adult females is part of a long-range research program designed to establish valid analytical relationships between readily measured body dimensions and mass distribution characteristics of living populations. Presented in this report are data describing the mass distribution characteristics of primary and composite body segments. The report also contains sets of regression equations which can be used to predict segmental volumes and moments of inertia from anthropometric data. The data base is derived from both classical anthropometric measurements and from stereophotogrammetric techniques. Subjects were representative of a general United States population as defined by the 1971-74 Public Health Service, Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES). The data obtained describe segment and segment composite volumes, centers of volume, intersegment cut centroids, principal inertial axes, and surface anatomical landmarks with respect to anatomical axes developed for each segment. Experiments designed to test the validity of research techniques and controls, and to measure the differences between stereophotometrically derived values and values obtained by direct measurement techniques are also described here. It is anticipated that these data will be useful as design criteria for anthropomorphic test devices used in safety research, design and performance evaluation of safety restraint systems, and development of body prostheses.

Anthropometric and Mass Distribution Characteristics of the Adult Female. Revised

: This report presents a three-dimensional description of adult female and male pelvis from the Hamann-Todd skeletal collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Based on a linear height/weight matching strategy and the 1961- 1964 U.S. Health and Examination Survey (HES) data, specimens were selected to represent the small female, medium male, and large male pelvic sizes. One hundred and twenty-three anatomically defined points are used to describe the spatial pelvic geometry in a pelvic-anatomical axis system. A statistical summary of means and standard deviations is presented as X, Y, and Z coordinate value sets to identify each point in three-dimensional space. Full-scale models for each size category were produced for design modeling of anthropomorphic test devices. These data will also be useful as comparative standards for forensic investigations of air crashes and quantitative information on size and shape variability of adult human pelvis.

/pdf/spatial-geometry-of-the-human-pelvis-41sizkj3w5.pdf

Spatial Geometry of the Human Pelvis

A series of studies was conducted to develop information about mass distribution characteristics of the living human body and its segments, and to establish a reliable means for estimating these properties from easily measured body dimensions. While investigators over the years have established a number of laborious methods for determining body mass and moments of inertia of individuals, comparable data for segments of the body have till recently been available only through the study of cadavers. The use of stereophotography now makes possible the segmentation of living subjects and provides a means for measuring mass distribution properties on body segments as well as on the total body. In the studies described here investigators combined stereophotometric and anthropometric techniques to measure 31 male subjects and 46 female subjects. Bodies were photographically segmented and their volumes, centres of volume and principal moments of inertia established stereophotometrically. The principal axes of iner...

Investigation into the mass distribution properties of the human body and its segments

Mass distribution properties of the human body and its fourteen primary segments were measured in three dimensions using six male cadavers. Data collected include anthropometry, mass, center of mass, and the principal moments of inertia. The principal moments of inertia were computed using a 3 x 3 matrix of values derived from simple pendulum measurements about six nonparallel axes. Anatomical segmentation procedures used are emphasized and compared with those in previous investigations. In addition, comparisons of the measured data with extant data in the literature on the whole body and its segments are presented and discussed.

Joseph W. Young

Papers

Weight, volume, and center of mass of segments of the human body

Anthropometric and Mass Distribution Characteristics of the Adult Female. Revised

Spatial Geometry of the Human Pelvis

Investigation into the mass distribution properties of the human body and its segments

Mass Distribution Properties of the Male Cadaver