https://e-lactancia.org/media/papers/ComposicionBF-PedCliMA2013.pdf

Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors

ContextDespite improved understanding of atherothrombosis, cardiovascular prediction algorithms for women have largely relied on traditional risk factorsObjectiveTo develop and validate cardiovascular risk algorithms for women based on a large panel of traditional and novel risk factorsDesign, Setting, and ParticipantsThirty-five factors were assessed among 24 558 initially healthy US women 45 years or older who were followed up for a median of 102 years (through March 2004) for incident cardiovascular events (an adjudicated composite of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death) We used data among a random two thirds (derivation cohort, n = 16 400) to develop new risk algorithms that were then tested to compare observed and predicted outcomes in the remaining one third of women (validation cohort, n = 8158)Main Outcome MeasureMinimization of the Bayes Information Criterion was used in the derivation cohort to develop the best-fitting parsimonious prediction models In the validation cohort, we compared predicted vs actual 10-year cardiovascular event rates when the new algorithms were compared with models based on covariates included in the Adult Treatment Panel III risk scoreResultsIn the derivation cohort, a best-fitting model (model A) and a clinically simplified model (model B, the Reynolds Risk Score) had lower Bayes Information Criterion scores than models based on covariates used in Adult Treatment Panel III In the validation cohort, all measures of fit, discrimination, and calibration were improved when either model A or B was used For example, among participants without diabetes with estimated 10-year risks according to the Adult Treatment Panel III of 5% to less than 10% (n = 603) or 10% to less than 20% (n = 156), model A reclassified 379 (50%) into higher- or lower-risk categories that in each instance more accurately matched actual event rates Similar effects were achieved for clinically simplified model B limited to age, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c if diabetic, smoking, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60 years Neither new algorithm provided substantive information about women at very low risk based on the published Adult Treatment Panel III scoreConclusionWe developed, validated, and demonstrated highly improved accuracy of 2 clinical algorithms for global cardiovascular risk prediction that reclassified 40% to 50% of women at intermediate risk into higher- or lower-risk categories

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/205528/joc70004_611_619.pdf

Development and Validation of Improved Algorithms for the Assessment of Global Cardiovascular Risk in Women: The Reynolds Risk Score

Endometriosis

Role of endothelial shear stress in the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling: molecular, cellular, and vascular behavior.

In a healthy body, ROS (reactive oxygen species) and antioxidants remain in balance When the balance is disrupted towards an overabundance of ROS, oxidative stress (OS) occurs OS influences the entire reproductive lifespan of a woman and even thereafter (ie menopause) OS results from an imbalance between prooxidants (free radical species) and the body's scavenging ability (antioxidants) ROS are a double-edged sword – they serve as key signal molecules in physiological processes but also have a role in pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract ROS affect multiple physiological processes from oocyte maturation to fertilization, embryo development and pregnancy It has been suggested that OS modulates the age-related decline in fertility It plays a role during pregnancy and normal parturition and in initiation of preterm labor Most ovarian cancers appear in the surface epithelium, and repetitive ovulation has been thought to be a causative factor Ovulation-induced oxidative base damage and damage to DNA of the ovarian epithelium can be prevented by antioxidants There is growing literature on the effects of OS in female reproduction with involvement in the pathophsiology of preeclampsia, hydatidiform mole, free radical-induced birth defects and other situations such as abortions Numerous studies have shown that OS plays a role in the pathoysiology of infertility and assisted fertility There is some evidence of its role in endometriosis, tubal and peritoneal factor infertility and unexplained infertility This article reviews the role OS plays in normal cycling ovaries, follicular development and cyclical endometrial changes It also discusses OS-related female infertility and how it influences the outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques The review comprehensively explores the literature for evidence of the role of oxidative stress in conditions such as abortions, preeclampsia, hydatidiform mole, fetal embryopathies, preterm labour and preeclampsia and gestational diabetes The review also addresses the growing literature on the role of nitric oxide species in female reproduction The involvement of nitric oxide species in regulation of endometrial and ovarian function, etiopathogenesis of endometriosis, and maintenance of uterine quiescence, initiation of labour and ripening of cervix at parturition is discussed Complex interplay between cytokines and oxidative stress in the etiology of female reproductive disorders is discussed Oxidant status of the cell modulates angiogenesis, which is critical for follicular growth, corpus luteum formation endometrial differentiation and embryonic growth is also highlighted in the review Strategies to overcome oxidative stress and enhance fertility, both natural and assisted are delineated Early interventions being investigated for prevention of preeclampsia are enumerated Trials investigating combination intervention strategy of vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation in preventing preeclampsia are highlighted Antioxidants are powerful and there are few trials investigating antioxidant supplementation in female reproduction However, before clinicians recommend antioxidants, randomized controlled trials with sufficient power are necessary to prove the efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in disorders of female reproduction Serial measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers in longitudinal studies may help delineate the etiology of some of the diosorders in female reproduction such as preeclampsia

/pdf/role-of-oxidative-stress-in-female-reproduction-2fcw0uqz6p.pdf

Role of oxidative stress in female reproduction

The dynamics of the release of progesterone (P) by human granulosa cells (GCs) was investigated in a granulosa cell-superfusion system using serotonin (5-HT), propanolol (PR), or mianserin (MI). Granulosa cells were obtained from 8 women undergoing in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Progesterone was measured using radioimmunoassay. Serotonin (100 pMol) induced P release from human GCs. This effect was specifically blocked by 100 pMol MI whilst 100 pMol PR was ineffective in this condition. The results suggest, that the superfused GC system is suitable for studying the dynamics of steroid secretion by human GCs.

Serotonin induces progesterone release from human granulosa cells in a superfused granulosa cell system

Serotonin plays a hormonal function in several nonneuronal peripheral tissues, such as the ovaries. Our aim was to investigate whether there is a modulatory action of serotonin on gonadotropin-induced steroid secretion of human granulosa cells. In granulosa cell culture, serotonin was administered alone or in combination with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Also, granulosa cells were transferred into a dynamic superfusion apparatus and challenged by FSH and LH alone or along with serotonin. Estradiol and progesterone concentrations of samples were measured by radioimmunoassay. As expected, administration of FSH, LH, and serotonin alone resulted in a significant estradiol and progesterone release in cell culture, as well as a significant increase in progesterone release in dynamic superfusion system. In cell culture, co-administration of serotonin with gonadotropins had no additive effect on gonadotropin-induced secretion of progesterone, while it further augmented that of estradiol. In superfusion system, when gonadotropins were added along with serotonin, the increase in progesterone release was markedly less, while peaks of hormone response were remarkably prolonged compared to challenges by LH and FSH alone. The observed effects of serotonin on gonadotropin-induced steroid release of granulosa cells may reveal further details about the regulation of granulosa cell function.

Serotonin may alter the pattern of gonadotropin-induced progesterone release of human granulosa cells in superfusion system

The effect of light exposure on the cleavage rate and implantation capacity of preimplantation murine embryos.

The aim of this study was to find a possible clinical use of the tail-interacting protein of 47 kDa (TIP47) and further document its expression in smear cytology, different cervical dysplasias, invasive cervical cancer and metastasis. Patients and Methods: A new polyclonal anti- TIP47 antibody was developed and used on smears and histological cervix sections of sixty women with different cytological pathologies. Serum TIP47 level of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or carcinoma in stage IIb, IIIa, and IIIb was monitored during treatment. Results: TIP47 was expressed weakly in the dysplasias, stronger in invasive tumors and in lymph node metastasis. In patients with cervical carcinoma, the serum TIP47 level was found to be elevated; it decreased after therapy and elevated again in relapse. Conclusion: According to our results, TIP47 could be a good clinical marker for the early detection in blood of the recurrence of cervical carcinoma. An increasing number of articles reported studies of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, cytogenetic abnormality and human papilloma virus typing, and their role in cervical cancer. However, sufficient evidence of their use as tumor markers in clinical practice has not yet been gathered. Thus, it has become particularly urgent that thorough research be carried out on the role of oncogenes in carcinogenesis with the aim of diagnosing cervical cancer at the earliest stage possible. Evaluation of the p-STAT3 (transcription factor) expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) was found to be significantly correlated with CIN lesion grade

Preliminary Study of TIP47 as a Possible New Biomarker of Cervical Dysplasia and Invasive Carcinoma

Cholinergic effects on hormone secretion by human granulosa cells (GCs) are not well characterized. The aim of this study was to explore the direct action of acetylcholine and carbachol on progesterone and estradiol secretion of human GCs cultured in serum-free medium. Granulosa cells were obtained from 26 women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Progesterone and estradiol production was measured in the presence and absence of acetylcholine, carbachol, or atropine using radioimmunoassays; statistical analysis of the data was performed by ANOVA. Acetylcholine significantly stimulated progesterone secretion by GCs in a dose-related manner. Estradiol secretion was also stimulated by acetylcholine, but this effect did not show dose dependency. Carbachol showed a similar stimulatory effect, but to a lower degree; both effects can be blocked by acetylcholine. The results suggest that cholinergic action on steroid production by human GCs is mediated through the muscarinic route, and cholinergic neurotransmission may have a physiological significance in the intra-ovarian regulatory pathways.

József Bódis

Papers

Serotonin induces progesterone release from human granulosa cells in a superfused granulosa cell system

Serotonin may alter the pattern of gonadotropin-induced progesterone release of human granulosa cells in superfusion system

The effect of light exposure on the cleavage rate and implantation capacity of preimplantation murine embryos.

Preliminary Study of TIP47 as a Possible New Biomarker of Cervical Dysplasia and Invasive Carcinoma

Cholinergic stimulation of progesterone and estradiol secretion by human granulosa cells cultured in serum-free medium.