Phenolic compounds within banana peel and their potential uses: A review

The abundance of organic solid waste throughout the world has become a common issue that needs complete management at every level. Also, the scarcity of fuel and the competition between food and substance as an alternative to a petroleum-based product has become a major problem that needs to be properly handled. An urge to find renewable substances for sustainable development results in a strategy to valorize organic solid waste using solid state fermentation (SSF) and to manage the issue of solid wastes in a green approach. This paper reviews management of solid wastes using SSF, with regard to its current application, advantages and challenges, downstream processing in SSF, economic viewpoint, and future perspectives.

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Solid-State Fermentation as a Novel Paradigm for Organic Waste Valorization: A Review

Agro-industrial waste is highly nutritious in nature and facilitates microbial growth. Most agricultural wastes are lignocellulosic in nature; a large fraction of it is composed of carbohydrates. Agricultural residues can thus be used for the production of various value-added products, such as industrially important enzymes. Agro-industrial wastes, such as sugar cane bagasse, corn cob and rice bran, have been widely investigated via different fermentation strategies for the production of enzymes. Solid-state fermentation holds much potential compared with submerged fermentation methods for the utilization of agro-based wastes for enzyme production. This is because the physical–chemical nature of many lignocellulosic substrates naturally lends itself to solid phase culture, and thereby represents a means to reap the acknowledged potential of this fermentation method. Recent studies have shown that pretreatment technologies can greatly enhance enzyme yields by several fold. This article gives an overview of how agricultural waste can be productively harnessed as a raw material for fermentation. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of studies conducted in the production of different commercially important enzymes using lignocellulosic food waste has been provided.

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A Review on Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes to Industrially Important Enzymes

Production of cellulolytic enzymes from ascomycetes: comparison of solid state and submerged fermentation

Enzymes are of great importance in the industry due to their substrate and product specificity, moderate reaction conditions, minimal by-product formation and high yield. They are important ingredients in several products and production processes. Up to 30% of the total production cost of enzymes is attributed to the raw materials costs. The food industry expels copious amounts of processing waste annually, which is mostly lignocellulosic in nature. Upon proper treatment, lignocellulose can replace conventional carbon sources in media preparations for industrial microbial processes, such as enzyme production. However, wild strains of microorganisms that produce industrially important enzymes show low yield and cannot thrive on artificial substrates. The application of recombinant DNA technology and metabolic engineering has enabled researchers to develop superior strains that can not only withstand harsh environmental conditions within a bioreactor but also ensure timely delivery of optimal results. This article gives an overview of the current complications encountered in enzyme production and how accumulating food processing waste can emerge as an environment-friendly and economically feasible solution for a choice of raw material. It also substantiates the latest techniques that have emerged in enzyme purification and recovery over the past four years.

https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/3/4/30/pdf

Microbial Enzyme Production Using Lignocellulosic Food Industry Wastes as Feedstock: A Review

The feasibility of using banana peel for the production of cellulase by Trichoderma viride GIM 3.0010 in solid-state fermentation was evaluated in this study. The effect of incubation time, incubation temperature, initial moisture content of the medium, inoculum size and supplementation of carbon sources and nitrogen sources on cellulase production was investigated. When banana peel was moistened to the moisture content of 65% with the inoculum size of 1.5 × 10 9 spores / flask and incubated at 30°C for 144 h, the maximum activities of filter paper activity (FPA), carboxy methyl cellulase sodium activity (CMCase) and β-glucosidase (BG) reached 5.56, 10.31 and 3.01 U/gds, respectively. These results indicated that banana peel provided necessary nutrients for cell growth and cellulase synthesis. It can be used as a potential substrate for cellulase production by T. viride GIM 3.0010 under solid-state fermentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on cellulase production using banana peel. Keywords: Banana peel, cellulase, Trichoderma viride , solid-state fermentation.

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Banana peel: A novel substrate for cellulase production under solid-state fermentation

The feasibility of using cassava powder as the main material for production of calcium gluconate by Penicillium citrinum SCG-112 was evaluated in this study. The effect of incubation temperature, initial pH of the medium and inoculum size on production of calcium gluconate was investigated. The maximum yield of calcium gluconate (155 g/L) was obtained after 36 h incubation. The result was both technically competitive and economically attractive.

	 

	Key words: Calcium gluconate, cassava, Penicillium citrinum.

https://wwmw.academicjournals.org/article/article1380800300_Sun et al.pdf

Production of calcium gluconate from cassava by Penicillium citrinum SCG-112

The tribe Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) comprises two species-rich genera, Aconitum and Delphinium, the latter including Consolida and Aconitella. The 650–700 species are distributed in Eurasia and North America; three species occur on tropical African mountains. Many species of Delphinieae are of horticultural importance or medical use and a few are well-studied in terms of genetic diversity and floral morphology and pollination. We sampled 19 populations from 19 Delphinium species throughout Iran. Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) primer were applied to calculate measures of genetic diversity at the population level and genetic differentiation. Amplification of genomic DNA using 10 primers produced 165 bands, of which 150 were polymorphic (94.48%). The obtained high average PIC and MI values revealed high capacity of SCoT primers to detect polymorphic loci among Delphinium. The genetic similarities of 19 collections were estimated from 0.62 to 0.96.  According to the SCoT markers analysis, D. lorestanicum and D. oliganthum had the lowest similarity and the species of D. hohenackeri and D. ajacis had the highest similarity.

Juanhua Li

Papers

Banana peel: A novel substrate for cellulase production under solid-state fermentation

Production of calcium gluconate from cassava by Penicillium citrinum SCG-112

Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) Using Scot Molecular Markers