Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The mobility and resource limitation of nodes are the critical factors that affect the performance of Mobile AD hoc network (MANET). The mobility of nodes will affect the stability of links, and the limitation of node resources will lead to congestion, so it is very difficult to design a routing protocol that supports quality of service (QoS) in MANET. Especially in the scenario of high-speed node movement, frequent link interruption will damages QoS performance, so it is necessary to design MANET routing protocol that can adapt to network topology changes to support QoS. In this paper, we propose a Topological change Adaptive Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TA-AOMDV) routing protocol, which can adapt to high-speed node movement to support QoS. In this protocol, a stable path selection algorithm is designed, which not only takes node resources (residual energy, available bandwidth and queue length) as the path selection parameters, but also considers the link stability probability between nodes. Furthermore, in order to adapt to the rapid change of topology, link interrupt prediction mechanism is integrated into the protocol, which updates the routing strategy based on periodic probabilistic estimates of link stability. Different scenarios with node speed in the range of 10-50m/s, data rate in the range of 4-40kbps and number of nodes in the range of 10-100 are simulated on NS2 platform. Our results show that the QoS metrics (packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and throughput) of the proposed protocol are significantly improved when the node speed is higher than 30m/s although it is slightly better when the node speed is lower than 30m/s. Our on-demand multipath routing protocol demonstrates high potential to support QoS for high-speed MANET.

An Adaptive on-Demand Multipath Routing Protocol With QoS Support for High-Speed MANET

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) plays a significant role in the field of communication. Due to the dynamic movement of nodes, the network infrastructure is frequently changed. All nodes have the capacity to configure themselves and are communicated either directly through some intermediate nodes based on signal strength or through multi-hop routing. However, selection of the intermediate nodes will increase the routing overload in the route discovery procedure. Destination nodes are selected using intermediate nodes for broadcasting data packets with link scalability. The previous works for this problem have limitations such as they are not flexible to deliver the Quality of Service in the network model, and the possibility of packet delivery is less. In this paper, we propose Fault-Tolerant Disjoint Multipath Distance Vector Routing Algorithm (FD-AOMDV) that sprints path discovery phase with a reduced amount of delay. It finds disjoint paths in a way that routing overloads decrease considerably. FD-AOMDV can increase the scalability by reducing the routing overload when the latest route is established. Moreover, owing to the mobility of the node in MANETs, subsequent breakages of a link will cause the active path disconnection and also enlarge the routing overload. The simulation results prove that the proposed work reduces the routing overload, decreases the end-to-end delay, and reduces the packet delivery ratio compared with AOMDV and ZD-AOMDV on Network Simulator 2.

FD-AOMDV: fault-tolerant disjoint ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing algorithm in mobile ad-hoc networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, Quality of Service (QoS) routing is a challenging issue due to several factors like node mobility, multi-path communication and channel access. QoS guarantees are required by most multimedia and other real-time applications. The difficulties of the QoS routing have limited the value of MANETs. Many researches have been done so as to provide QoS assurances in MANET routing protocols. In recent years a number of QoS routing protocols with distinguishing features have been proposed. This paper presents a survey of some of these protocols which include a thorough overview of QoS routing metrics, resources and factors affecting the performance. The protocols are classified according to the multi-path, cross layer, stability, bandwidth reservation, load balancing and power efficiency based approaches. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the protocols have also been studied which allow us to identify the areas for future research. Finally, a comparative study of all routing protocols is provided.

QoS routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: a survey

Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), is an ad hoc network of wirelessly connected sensor nodes that allow retrieving video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data but such sensors are limited in energy, memory, communication, and computational power. Multimedia transmission over wireless sensor network (WSN) is a challenging task due to quality-of-service(QoS) guarantees such as huge amount of bandwidth, strict delay, and lower loss ratio. Recently, cross-layer approach adopted by WMSNs shows a promising approach that improves quality of multimedia transmitted over WSNs under different wireless conditions. In this paper, an energy aware and adaptive cross layer scheme to transmit multimedia content over WSNs is presented. It provides packet, queue, and path scheduling, so that it selects optimal video encoding parameters at application layer according to current wireless channel state, and schedules packets according to its type through an adaptive priority video queue so that less important packets are dropped in case of network congestion. Finally, path scheduling is introduced so that different packets types/priority are routed through different paths with different QoSs considering network lifetime. Simulation results show that new scheme transmits video over WSNs efficiently and meets QoS requirements and uses energy wisely to prolongs network lifetime.

Energy Aware and Adaptive Cross-Layer Scheme for Video Transmission Over Wireless Sensor Networks

AOMDV protocol is designed for highly dynamic ad hoc networks where link failures and route breaks occur frequently. However, the rapidly changing topology makes the limited power nodes exhaust rapidly, which makes the network split early with the decrease of the networks lifetime. A new multipath protocol called Multipath Routing Protocol for Networks Lifetime Maximization in Ad-Hoc Networks (MRNLM) is proposed based on AOMDV. The protocol sets energy threshold to optimize the forwarding mechanism. At the same time it builds an energy-cost function and uses the function as the criterion for multiple path selection. In transmission phase, we use a novelty method called "data transmission in multiple paths one by one" to balance the energy in multiple paths. The performance is compared between MRNLM and AOMDV by NS2. It is shown that MRNLM is able to balance the energy of the networks with the lifetime increase at least 14% under different nodes pause time. For different packet rate, the lifetime increases no less than 35%.

Multipath Routing Protocol for Networks Lifetime Maximization in Ad-Hoc Networks

Much research efforts have been devoted to develop protocols based on one criterion, majority of the routing protocols consider energy conservation or minimum bandwidth. But only one factor could not guarantee the requirements for quality of the service (Qos) in ad hoc networks. In this paper, a route protocol called Qos-AOMDV is proposed which considers two criteria. Both the balance of the route and power conservation is considered. Qos-AOMDV is based on cross-layer design, which could cooperate in sharing network-status information in different layers while maintaining the layers' separation to optimize overall network performance. Both the information in network layer and data link layer are combined to make a general criterion, so that it could satisfy the dynamics of ad hoc network. In the path selection phase, the destination nodes do not reply route request (RREQ) immediately. Route reply (RREP) is carried out based on the general cost criterion. In transmission phase, data is transmitted in multiple paths one by one to balance the energy and the traffic loads in multiple paths. It is shown by simulation that QoS-AOMDV could achieve remarkable improvements in terms of end to end delay, throughput and lifetime as compared to AOMDV.

Juanwei Liu

Papers

Multipath Routing Protocol for Networks Lifetime Maximization in Ad-Hoc Networks

QoS Multipath Routing Protocol Based on Cross Layer Design for Ad hoc Networks