Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The era of big data has begun and an enormous amount of real-time data is used for the risk analysis of various industrial applications. However, a technical challenge exists in gathering real-time big data in a complex indoor industrial environment. Indoor wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology can overcome this limitation by collecting the big data generated from source nodes and transmitting them to the data center in real time. In this study, typical residence, office, and manufacturing environments were chosen. The signal transmission characteristics of an indoor WSN were obtained by analyzing the test data. According to these characteristics, a real-time big data gathering (RTBDG) algorithm based on an indoor WSN is proposed for the risk analysis of industrial operations. In this algorithm, sensor nodes can screen the data collected from the environment and equipment according to the requirements of risk analysis. Clustering data transmission structure is then established on the basis of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and residual energy information. Experimental results show that RTBDG not only uses the limited energy of network nodes efficiently, but also balances the energy consumption of all nodes. In the near future, the algorithm will be widely applied to risk analysis in different industrial operations.

A Real-Time Big Data Gathering Algorithm Based on Indoor Wireless Sensor Networks for Risk Analysis of Industrial Operations

The mobility and resource limitation of nodes are the critical factors that affect the performance of Mobile AD hoc network (MANET). The mobility of nodes will affect the stability of links, and the limitation of node resources will lead to congestion, so it is very difficult to design a routing protocol that supports quality of service (QoS) in MANET. Especially in the scenario of high-speed node movement, frequent link interruption will damages QoS performance, so it is necessary to design MANET routing protocol that can adapt to network topology changes to support QoS. In this paper, we propose a Topological change Adaptive Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TA-AOMDV) routing protocol, which can adapt to high-speed node movement to support QoS. In this protocol, a stable path selection algorithm is designed, which not only takes node resources (residual energy, available bandwidth and queue length) as the path selection parameters, but also considers the link stability probability between nodes. Furthermore, in order to adapt to the rapid change of topology, link interrupt prediction mechanism is integrated into the protocol, which updates the routing strategy based on periodic probabilistic estimates of link stability. Different scenarios with node speed in the range of 10-50m/s, data rate in the range of 4-40kbps and number of nodes in the range of 10-100 are simulated on NS2 platform. Our results show that the QoS metrics (packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and throughput) of the proposed protocol are significantly improved when the node speed is higher than 30m/s although it is slightly better when the node speed is lower than 30m/s. Our on-demand multipath routing protocol demonstrates high potential to support QoS for high-speed MANET.

An Adaptive on-Demand Multipath Routing Protocol With QoS Support for High-Speed MANET

A new clustering protocol for energy harvesting-wireless sensor networks

Clustering routing protocols are more adequate for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to the higher energy utilization rate and scalability However, non-uniform node deployment makes the cluster-based routing protocols less efficient, since the energy consumption of the nodes is more imbalanced In this paper, an Energy Aware Distributed Clustering using Fuzzy Logic (EADC-FL) routing algorithm is proposed for the network with non-uniform node distribution EADC-FL selects the most appropriate nodes as the cluster heads to save more energy in data transmission phase It considers the energy of the sensor nodes as the primary parameter to elect the candidate cluster heads Afterwards, it takes into consideration the node degree and node centrality of the sensor nodes by using Fuzzy Logic to identify the final cluster heads EADC-FL constructs the clusters in equal sizes to make the energy consumption of cluster members balanced and uses a cluster-based routing algorithm to balance the energy consumption among the cluster heads Moreover, the proposed algorithm performs clustering on demand instead of each round in order to reduce the energy dissipation of the network due to the overhead of consecutive clustering phases The results demonstrate that EADC-FL significantly decreases the energy consumption and extends the network lifetime of network with non-uniform node distribution 

An Energy Aware Distributed Clustering Algorithm Using Fuzzy Logic for Wireless Sensor Networks with Non-uniform Node Distribution

Routing protocol plays a role of great importance in the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A centralized balance clustering routing protocol based on location is proposed for WSN with random distribution in this paper. In order to keep clustering balanced through the whole lifetime of the network and adapt to the non-uniform distribution of sensor nodes, we design a systemic algorithm for clustering. First, the algorithm determines the cluster number according to condition of the network, and adjusts the hexagonal clustering results to balance the number of nodes of each cluster. Second, it selects cluster heads in each cluster base on the energy and distribution of nodes, and optimizes the clustering results to minimize energy consumption. Finally, it allocates suitable time slots for transmission to avoid collision. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol can balance the energy consumption and improve the network throughput and lifetime significantly.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11277-013-1033-z.pdf

A Centralized Balance Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Much research efforts have been devoted to develop protocols based on one criterion, majority of the routing protocols consider energy conservation or minimum bandwidth. But only one factor could not guarantee the requirements for quality of the service (Qos) in ad hoc networks. In this paper, a route protocol called Qos-AOMDV is proposed which considers two criteria. Both the balance of the route and power conservation is considered. Qos-AOMDV is based on cross-layer design, which could cooperate in sharing network-status information in different layers while maintaining the layers' separation to optimize overall network performance. Both the information in network layer and data link layer are combined to make a general criterion, so that it could satisfy the dynamics of ad hoc network. In the path selection phase, the destination nodes do not reply route request (RREQ) immediately. Route reply (RREP) is carried out based on the general cost criterion. In transmission phase, data is transmitted in multiple paths one by one to balance the energy and the traffic loads in multiple paths. It is shown by simulation that QoS-AOMDV could achieve remarkable improvements in terms of end to end delay, throughput and lifetime as compared to AOMDV.

Zhen Li

Papers

A Centralized Balance Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

QoS Multipath Routing Protocol Based on Cross Layer Design for Ad hoc Networks