Attachment--and loss.

Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others. However, European Americans were not more individualistic than African Americans, or Latinos, and not less collectivistic than Japanese or Koreans. Among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivistic. Moderate IND-COL effects were found on self-concept and relationality, and large effects were found on attribution and cognitive style.

/pdf/rethinking-individualism-and-collectivism-evaluation-of-47xorn4mh7.pdf

Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.

The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/5/110/206.full.pdf

The american psychological association.

This chapter addresses the psychological effects of social stigma. Stigma directly affects the stigmatized via mechanisms of discrimination, expectancy confirmation, and automatic stereotype activation, and indirectly via threats to personal and social identity. We review and organize recent theory and empirical research within an identity threat model of stigma. This model posits that situational cues, collective representations of one's stigma status, and personal beliefs and motives shape appraisals of the significance of stigma-relevant situations for well-being. Identity threat results when stigma-relevant stressors are appraised as potentially harmful to one's social identity and as exceeding one's coping resources. Identity threat creates involuntary stress responses and motivates attempts at threat reduction through coping strategies. Stress responses and coping efforts affect important outcomes such as self-esteem, academic achievement, and health. Identity threat perspectives help to explain the...

https://courses.washington.edu/pbafhall/514/514%20Readings/majorandobrien.pdf

The social psychology of stigma.

The physiological effects of racism, as a stressor, were examined as they related to blood pressure (BP) and anger experiences in Black college students. Current research has failed to consider the stressful effects of racism as a factor contributing to the higher incidence of essential hypertension among Blacks. Twenty-seven Black college students viewed three excerpts showing racist situations involving Blacks; anger-provoking, nonracist situations; and neutral situations. After each scene, BP was taken, and a mood checklist was administered. The Framingham Anger Scale and the Anger Expression Scale were administered. Analyses revealed that BP significantly increased during the presentation of racist stimuli but not of anger-provoking or neutral stimuli. Self-reports of state anger, as measured by the mood checklist, were significant for both the anger-provoking and racist stimuli. BP scores were significantly correlated to the two trait anger measures. Exposure to racist stimuli was associated with BP increases among Blacks. Such cumulative exposure to racism may have important implications for the etiology of essential hypertension.

Relationship of racial stressors to blood pressure responses and anger expression in black college students.

Although many studies have compared gender-role ideologies internationally and cross-culturally, few researchers have attended to cultural differences in the meaningfulness or conceptual equivalence of the scale items. The literature on the use of instruments internationally is reviewed with respect to potentially universal (etic) constructs and findings. Gender differences in attitudes and the domains in which gender-related behavior is expressed differ internationally. A potential universal dimension is represented by a modern, egalitarian ideology on the one pole and a traditional ideology on the other. Using scales developed in three cultural contexts, we demonstrate that ratings of meaningfulness are correlated with the use of scores distant from the midpoint. Specific recommendations for researchers include consultation with cultural informants and incorporation of culturally specific (emic) items.

Researching Gender-Role Ideologies Internationally and Cross-Culturally

Manipulations of dietary tryptophan: effects on mouse killing and brain serotonin in the rat.

The presence of caring adults in the extended family and unrelated adults, such as neighbors, teachers, youth workers, and clergy, is thought to make a positive contribution to young adolescent dev...

Extended Family Members and Unrelated Adults in the Lives of Young Adolescents A Research Agenda

Individualism and collectivism in Mexico and the United States of America were investigated. It was hypothesized that Mexican university students would be more collectivistic than university students in the United States. Specifically, this difference was expected to be found in relationships with parents, spouses, extended family members, friends, neighbors, co-workers, and classmates. University students in Mexico and in the United States completed the Individualism-Collectivism Scale (Hui, 1988), which measures the degree of individualistic or collectivistic tendencies in various interpersonal relationships. Analysis of variance revealed a country difference on the general Collectivism Index; students in Mexico were significantly more collectivistic than students in the United States. A multiple analysis of variance revealed country differences on the Parents, Spouse, and Co-Workers/Classmate subscales, with Mexican students' responses again significantly more collectivistic than those of the ...

Judith L. Gibbons

Papers

Relationship of racial stressors to blood pressure responses and anger expression in black college students.

Researching Gender-Role Ideologies Internationally and Cross-Culturally

Manipulations of dietary tryptophan: effects on mouse killing and brain serotonin in the rat.

Extended Family Members and Unrelated Adults in the Lives of Young Adolescents A Research Agenda

Individualism and Collectivism among University Students in Mexico and the United States