Showing papers by "Julian Le Grand published in 1986"

The Middle Classes and the Welfare State under Conservative and Labour Governments

Abstract: The Conservative Government elected in Britain in 1979 wished to change the extent and pattern of government expenditure. We use econometric techniques to investigate whether it did so in the period up to 1984, concentrating attention on the welfare state. We also test the hypothesis that the observed changes favoured the middle classes. After discussing the channels by which the middle classes influence government policy, a model of government behaviour is outlined. The theoretical model indicates the forms of specification error that we might expect in our econometric results, which, in turn, suggest that the Conservatives tended to favour the middle classes, while the previous Labour administrations did not. However, the estimates for the Labour period appear to be misspecified, but those for the Conservative period survived tests of misspecification.

Creeping Universalism in the Welfare State: Evidence from Australia

Abstract: There are good reasons to suppose that the non-poor will infiltrate welfare programmes originally targeted on the poor This paper discusses this phenomenon of ‘creeping universalisation’ and provides a number of possible explanations for it Evidence is used from Australia to show that creeping universalisation does indeed occur, and to test the competing explanations It is concluded that the most likely explanation for the phenomenon is individual behavioural responses: that is, the non-poor respond to the imposition of a means-test by re-arranging their affairs, legitimately or illegitimately, so as to pass the test