In this paper, a post processor for accuracy of character recognition of real-time online Gurmukhi script has been developed. Our analysis is based on dataset consisting of 184 samples of each 45 characters of Gurmukhi script collected from four different categories of writers. Based on this extensive study, we propose an efficient algorithm for online handwritten Gurmukhi character recognition that achieves promising recognition accuracy of 95.6% for single character stroke sequencing. Beside character recognition the contribution in this paper is summarized in two folds as (i) the proposed scheme resolves stroke sequencing, (ii) overwritten strokes are identified and resolved. Moreover, for every stroke, complexity of adding new stroke for Gurmukhi character formation has been computed to be O(n).

An efficient post processing algorithm for online handwriting gurmukhi character recognition using set theory

Silver-assisted development and imaging of fingermarks on non-porous and porous surfaces

The present study analyzed the English handwriting of subjects from Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir to investigate whether the examination of style characteristics helps determine the nationality/ethnicity of the writer or the place where the writer learned writing. The subjects had completed secondary education in their respective regional languages along with English as a second language. Characteristic features such as letter formations, punctuation marks, spacing between letters, and margins were observed. The data were analysed using the chi- square test to determine significant class characteristics in the English handwritings. Significant class characteristics were identified; these occurrences were attributable to the influence of habitually writing in their native language, because the impact of regional language on the subjects’ English handwriting was observed in a few samples. Forensic document examiners will be able to determine class characteristic in the English handwritings of people from different states using the established procedure and possibly also determine the nationality or ethnic origin of writers.

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Forensic Examination of Class Characteristics in English Handwriting of the Three States: Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Kashmir in India

Development of latent fingermarks by unbalanced magnetron sputtering deposited ultra-thin metal film

Handwriting is the means of communication and recording information in day-to-day life even with the introduction of new technologies. Languages are systems of symbols; writing is a system for symbolizing these symbols. Handwriting is quite distinctive (1). Each individual's writing style is personal and unique which is the result of unconscious, automatic actions and interaction between a person's brain, eye and hand. Writing is also influenced by the person's physical state (2), influence by drugs or alcohol (3), age (4), the force on the writing tool (5) and other environmental factors (6). An individual's writing styles change throughout the lifespan of a person and the degree of change may vary greatly. No two individuals, including twins can write alike (7-8). Investigators and forensic document examiners have long been tasked to use inscriptions and markings as clues to identify their writers. This research aims to study the age related retention of individual characteristics in handwritings and signatures over a period of time ranging from two to ten years. Samples of seventy past handwritings and signatures were collected from individuals and compared with the present handwritings and signatures of those individuals. Individual characteristics that were found to be retained as well as those that were modified were identified and compared. The subjects were healthy and sound. In the first step magnifiers were used to examine the writings and signatures and then comparison microscope was used for detailed document examination. The analysis of writing style and signature characteristics indicated changes attributable to deviation. In spite of these changes occurring due to age, the characteristics that were retained are found to be useful in attributing authorship while examining documents.

A Study on the Age Related Retention of Individual Characteristics in Hand Writings and Signatures for Application during Forensic Investigation

A preliminary study investigating class characteristics in the Gurmukhi handwriting of 1st and 2nd generation Punjabis

Vacuum metal deposition and cyanoacrylate are standard techniques for the development of latent prints on non-porous surface. This paper reports sputter coating of latent prints using gold as an alternative technique for the development of such prints. In this study 50% of all the latent prints developed with sputter coating revealed 12-16 minutiae previously identified on a control ink print. Comparison of vacuum metal deposition, cyanoacrylate and sputter developed marks initially suggest that sputter coating is slightly less favourable at visualising identifiable features. However, independent examination suggests the increased clarity of sputter coated latent prints make it a comparable if not superior technique to vacuum metal deposition and cyanoacrylate. Because of sputter coatings low running and maintenance cost, compared with the other available techniques, sputter coating has the potential to become the technique of choice for the development of latent prints on non-porous surfaces.

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Julian M. Love

Papers

A preliminary study investigating class characteristics in the Gurmukhi handwriting of 1st and 2nd generation Punjabis

Sputter coating a viable alternative for the development of latent prints on non-porous surfaces