Lung volumes are subdivided into static and dynamic lung volumes. Static lung volumes are measured by methods which are based on the completeness of respiratory manoeuvres, so that the velocity of the manoeuvres should be adjusted accordingly. The measurements taken during fast breathing movements are described as dynamic lung volumes and as forced inspiratory and expiratory flows.

### 1.1 Static lung volumes and capacities

The volume of gas in the lung and intrathoracic airways is determined by the properties of lung parenchyma and surrounding organs and tissues, surface tension, the force exerted by respiratory muscles, by lung reflexes and by the properties of airways. The gas volumes of thorax and lung are the same except in the case of a pneumothorax. If two or more subdivisions of the total lung capacity are taken together, the sum of the constituent volumes is described as a lung capacity. Lung volumes and capacities are described in more detail in § 2.

#### 1.1.1 Determinants

Factors which determine the size of the normal lung include stature, age, sex, body mass, posture, habitus, ethnic group, reflex factors and daily activity pattern. The level of maximal inspiration (total lung capacity, TLC) is influenced by the force developed by the inspiratory muscles (disorders include e.g. muscular dystrophy), the elastic recoil of the lung (disorders include e.g. pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema) and the elastic properties of the thorax and adjacent structures (disorders include e.g. ankylosis of joints). The level of maximal expiration (residual volume, RV) is determined by the force exerted by respiratory muscles (disorders include e.g. muscle paralysis), obstruction, occlusion and compression of small airways (disorders include e.g. emphysema) and by the mechanical properties of lung and thorax (disorders include diffuse fibrosis, kyphoscoliosis).

Assessing the total lung capacity is indispensable in establishing a restrictive ventilatory defect or in diagnosing abnormal lung distensibility, as may occur in patients …

Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows

[⇓][1] 

SERIES “ATS/ERS TASK FORCE: STANDARDISATION OF LUNG FUNCTION TESTING” 

Edited by V. Brusasco, R. Crapo and G. Viegi 

Number 3 in this Series

 [1]: #F7

/pdf/standardisation-of-the-measurement-of-lung-volumes-2u4laes5x2.pdf

Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes

https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(12)60336-X/pdf

Incidence and Size of Patent Foramen Ovale During the First 10 Decades of Life: An Autopsy Study of 965 Normal Hearts

This study aimed to review the literature describing and quantifying time lags in the health research translation process. Papers were included in the review if they quantified time lags in the development of health interventions. The study identified 23 papers. Few were comparable as different studies use different measures, of different things, at different time points. We concluded that the current state of knowledge of time lags is of limited use to those responsible for R&D and knowledge transfer who face difficulties in knowing what they should or can do to reduce time lags. This effectively ‘blindfolds’ investment decisions and risks wasting effort. The study concludes that understanding lags first requires agreeing models, definitions and measures, which can be applied in practice. A second task would be to develop a process by which to gather these data.

/pdf/the-answer-is-17-years-what-is-the-question-understanding-2svvbpglo6.pdf

The answer is 17 years, what is the question: understanding time lags in translational research:

The Answer Is 17 Years, What Is the Question

/pdf/a-rapid-plethysmographic-method-for-measuring-thoracic-gas-2cx3k4rfx2.pdf

A rapid plethysmographic method for measuring thoracic gas volume: a comparison with a nitrogen washout method for measuring functional residual capacity in normal subjects

Satisfactory methods, utilizing measurements of transthoracic or transpulmonary pressure and airflow, are now available for determining \"nonelastic\" pulmonary resistance. However, the nonelastic pulmonary resistance has two components, tissue resistance and airway resistance, and no valid direct method is available for measuring either of these components separately in man. Since airway resistance is the ratio of alveolar pressure during flow to airflow, airway resistance alone could be measured if there were a method for determining alveolar pressure during flow. This report presents a new method for accomplishing this measurement, and gives data for airway resistance obtained in normal subjects and in patients with respiratory disease. Of previous attempts to measure airway resistance, one of the earliest was the painstaking study by Rohrer (1) who made anatomical measurements on the tracheobronchial tree of a human lung post mortem and calculated the cumulative resistance to airflow of the entire system using Poiseuille's law and turbulence theory. The first important experimental study of pulmonary resistance in the living animal was made by von Neergaard and Wirz who, in 1927 (2), analyzed intrapleural pressure into two major components, \"dynamic\" (which is essentially resistive) and \"static\" (which is predominantly elastic in nature). This approach made it possible to obtain values for total pulmonary resistance, though not for airway resistance alone. Bayliss and Robertson (3), reasoning that airway resistance, but not tissue resistance, would vary with the viscosity of the gases breathed, ventilated isolated animal lungs with gases of different density and viscosity;

/pdf/a-new-method-for-measuring-airway-resistance-in-man-using-a-4xlhkhzlda.pdf

A new method for measuring airway resistance in man using a body plethysmograph: values in normal subjects and in patients with respiratory disease

Lung function studies: VI. Detection of uneven alveolar ventilation during a single breath of oxygen

Our project had only one goal: to demonstrate that objective, scientific techniques—instead of the present anecdotal approach—can be used to design and justify a national biomedical research policy.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/192/4235/105.full.pdf

Julius H. Comroe

Papers

A rapid plethysmographic method for measuring thoracic gas volume: a comparison with a nitrogen washout method for measuring functional residual capacity in normal subjects

A new method for measuring airway resistance in man using a body plethysmograph: values in normal subjects and in patients with respiratory disease

Lung function studies: VI. Detection of uneven alveolar ventilation during a single breath of oxygen

Scientific basis for the support of biomedical science

Chemoreflexes From the Heart and Lungs