Background
People who experience traumatic events have an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, PTSD-related pathological changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex remain poorly understood.

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Glutamate and GABA imbalance promotes neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus after stress

Purpose Brain stroke is a leading cause of death without effective treatment. B. monniera, an Indian herbal medicine, exerts antioxidant activity and antistress activity by modulating the antioxidative defence system. We wanted to test if B. monniera could alleviate the ischemia induced brain injury and cognitive dysfunction in Wistar rats. Procedure We studied the effect of B. monniera (120 mg kg− 1, 160 mg kg− 1 and 240 mg kg− 1 P.O.) on transient intracarotid artery (ICA) occlusion induced ischemia by testing the neurobehavioral and biochemical parameters on treated and control rats. Findings B. monniera attenuated the reduced transfer latency in ischemic rats in a step through test and showed a protective effect on ischemia induced memory impairment in the plus maze task. It also showed a marginal improvement in neurodeficit score and fore limb muscle grip strength. B. monniera reduced the infarct size in the ischemic brain. It also decreased nitrite, nitrate and lipid peroxidation and significantly improved catalase activity. Conclusion These observations suggest the neuroprotective and antioxidant activity of B. monniera on ischemia induced brain injury and pave the way for future investigations.

Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monniera on ischemia induced brain injury

Due to numerous industrial applications, lead has caused widespread pollution in the environment; it seems that the central nervous system (CNS) is the main target for lead in the human body. Oxidative stress and programmed cell death in the CNS have been assumed as two mechanisms related to neurotoxicity of lead. Cerium oxide (CeO2) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles have recently shown antioxidant effects, particularly when used together, through scavenging the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) required for cell apoptosis. We looked into the neuroprotective effects of the combinations of these nanoparticles against acute lead-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. We used five groups in this study: control, lead, CeO2 nanoparticles + lead, Y2O3 nanoparticles + lead, and CeO2 and Y2O3 nanoparticles + lead. Nanoparticles of CeO2 (1000 mg/kg) and Y2O3 (230 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally during 2 days prior to intraperitoneal injection of the lead (25 mg/kg for 3 days). At the end of the treatments, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes activity, and apoptosis indexes were investigated. The results demonstrated that pretreatments with CeO2 and/or Y2O3 nanoparticles recovered lead-caused oxidative stress markers (ROS, lipid peroxidation, and total thiol molecules) and apoptosis indexes (Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 protein expression). Besides, these nanoparticles reduced the activities of lead-induced superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as the ADP/ATP ratio. Interestingly, the best recovery resulted from the compound of these nanoparticles. Based on these outcomes, it appears that this combination may potentially be beneficial for protection against lead-caused acute toxicity in the brain through improving the oxidative stress-mediated programmed cell death pathway.

Cerium and Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticles Against Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Rat Hippocampus

Perinatal exposure to lead induces morphological, ultrastructural and molecular alterations in the hippocampus.

Ascorbic acid ameliorates oxidative damage induced by maternal low-level lead exposure in the hippocampus of rat pups during gestation and lactation.

Protective effects of ascorbic acid against lead-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat hippocampus in vivo.

Overview of Immunoelectron Microscopy

법은 일반적인 상황의 평균인을 대상으로 마련한 것이니 만큼 법률을 해석함에 있어서는 원칙적으로 법문을 중심으로 하는 문언중심적 해석을 하여야 할 것이다. 그러나 법률은 실제 일상생활에서 발생하는 다양한 사항들에 대하여 모두 규정하고 있지 않다. 따라서 다양한 상황을 법문에 포섭시키거나 배제시키기 위해 목적론적 해석이나 법형성적 판결을 할 필요성이 인정된다. 특히 의료소송의 경우에는 의료행위가 사람의 생명, 신체를 대상으로 하며 사람의 생명과 신체는 한 번 훼손되면 다시 회복이 불가능한 불가역성을 가지는 만큼 입법취지 및 입법목적을 중시하여 목적론적 축소해석 및 확장해석을 하여야 할 필요성이 크다. 우리나라 대법원의 경우 문언을 중심으로 전체적 조화론적 해석을 하고 있는 바 의료법에 대한 판결을 중심으로 대법원의 법률행위 해석방법 및 타당한 법해석론에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 

Jung-Mi Han

Papers

Protective effects of ascorbic acid against lead-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat hippocampus in vivo.

Overview of Immunoelectron Microscopy

The methods of legal interpretation of the Korean Supreme Court