Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen identified as a virus. Recent FMD outbreaks in developed countries and their significant economic impact have increased the concern of governments worldwide. This review describes the reemergence of FMD in developed countries that had been disease free for many years and the effect that this has had on disease control strategies. The etiologic agent, FMD virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is examined in detail at the genetic, structural, and biochemical levels and in terms of its antigenic diversity. The virus replication cycle, including virus-receptor interactions as well as unique aspects of virus translation and shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis, is discussed. This information has been the basis for the development of improved protocols to rapidly identify disease outbreaks, to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals, and to begin to identify and test novel vaccine candidates. Furthermore, this knowledge, coupled with the ability to manipulate FMDV genomes at the molecular level, has provided the framework for examination of disease pathogenesis and the development of a more complete understanding of the virus and host factors involved.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Lead poisoning has been recognized as a major public health risk, particularly in developing countries. Though various occupational and public health measures have been undertaken in order to control lead exposure, cases of lead poisoning are still reported. Exposure to lead produces various deleterious effects on the hematopoietic, renal, reproductive and central nervous system, mainly through increased oxidative stress. These alterations play a prominent role in disease manifestations. Modulation of cellular thiols for protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been used as a therapeutic strategy against lead poisoning. N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, quercetin and a few herbal extracts show prophylaxis against the majority of lead mediated injury in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review provides a comprehensive account of recent updates describing health effects of lead exposure, relevant biomarkers and mechanisms involved in lead toxicity. It also updates the readers about recent advances in chelation therapy and newer therapeutic strategies, like nanoencapsulation, to treat lead induced toxic manifestations.

/pdf/toxicity-of-lead-a-review-with-recent-updates-2ym35em9ss.pdf

Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates.

Biochemical integrity of the brain is vital for normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). One of the factors contributing to cerebral biochemical impairment is a chemical process called oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs upon excessive free radical production resulting from an insufficiency of the counteracting antioxidant response system. The brain, with its high oxygen consumption and lipid-rich content, is highly susceptible to oxidative stress. Therefore, oxidative stress–induced damage to the brain has a strong potential to negatively impact normal CNS functions. Although oxidative stress has historically been considered to be involved mainly in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, and Parkinson disease, its involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders and depression, is beginning to be recognized. This review is a discussion of the relevance of cerebral oxidative stress to impairment of emotional and mental well-being.

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/360/1/201.full.pdf

Oxidative Stress and the Central Nervous System.

http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7126491?pdf=render

Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds.

National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, United States, Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium, Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588, Iran, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, No 155, Sec. 2, LiNong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Nanotechnology Toxicology Consulting & Training, Inc., Nova Scotia, Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie Medical School, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology (INSAT), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7ER, U.K., Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Magnetic resonance imaging tracking of stem cells in vivo using iron oxide nanoparticles as a tool for the advancement of clinical regenerative medicine.

A comparison of autologous and allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in canine spinal cord injury

Background

Adult stem cells have been widely investigated in bioengineering approaches for tissue repair therapy. We evaluated the clinical value and safety of the application of cultured bone marrow-derived allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating skin wounds in a canine model.



Hypothesis

Topical allogenic MSC transplantation can accelerate the closure of experimental full-thickness cutaneous wounds and attenuate local inflammation.



Animals

Adult healthy beagle dogs (n = 10; 3–6 years old; 7.2–13.1 kg) were studied.



Methods

Full-thickness skin wounds were created on the dorsum of healthy beagles, and allogenic MSCs were injected intradermally. The rate of wound closure and the degree of collagen production were analysed histologically using haematoxylin and eosin staining and trichrome staining. The degree of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis was evaluated by immunocytochemistry using proliferating cell nuclear antigen-, vimentin- and α-smooth muscle actin-specific antibodies. Local mRNA expression levels of interleukin-2, interferon-γ, basic fibroblast growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were evaluated by RT-PCR.



Results

Compared with the vehicle-treated wounds, MSC-treated wounds showed more rapid wound closure and increased collagen synthesis, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. Moreover, MSC-treated wounds showed decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-2 and interferon-γ) and wound healing-related factors (basic fibroblast growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2).



Conclusion and clinical importance

Topical transplantation of MSCs results in paracrine effects on cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as modulation of local mRNA expression of several factors related to cutaneous wound healing.


Resume
Contexte

Les cellules souches adultes ont ete largement etudiees dans les approches de bio-ingenierie pour la therapie de reparation tissulaire. Nous evaluons l'efficacite clinique et la securite de l'application de cellules souches mesenchymateuses allogeniques en culture derivees de moelle osseuse (MSCs) pour le traitement de plaies cutanees dans un modele canin.



Hypothese

La transplantation de MSC allogenique topique peut accelerer la fermeture en toute epaisseur de plaies cutanees experimentales et attenuer l'inflammation locale.



Sujets

Des chiens beagles adultes sains (n = 10; 3–6 ans; 7.2–13.1 kg) ont ete etudies.



Methodes

Des plaies cutanees en pleine epaisseur ont ete crees sur la face dorsale des beagles sains et des MSCs allogenes ont ete injectees par voie intradermique. Le taux de cicatrisation et le degre de production de collagene ont ete analyses sur le plan histologique par colorations a l'hematoxyline et eosine et par trichrome. Le degre de proliferation cellulaire et d'angiogenese ont ete evalues par immunohistochimie a l'aide d'anticorps specifiques d'antigene nucleaire de proliferation cellulaire, de vimentine et d'actine de muscle lisse α. Les taux d'expression local d'ARNm d'interleukine-2, d'interferon-γ, du facteur de croissance basique de fibroblaste et de metalloproteinase-2 de matrice, ont ete evalues par RT-PCR.



Resultats

Compare avec les plaies traitees par excipient, les plaies traitees par les MSCs ont montre une plus rapide cicatrisation et une augmentation de synthese de collagene, de proliferation cellulaire er d'angiogenese. En outre, Les plaies traitees au MSC ont montre une expression diminuee de cytokines pro-inflammatoires (interleukine-2 et interferon-γ) et des facteurs lies a la cicatrisation (facteur de croissance basique de fibroblaste et metalloproteinase-2 de matrice).



Conclusion et importance clinique

La transplantation topique de MSCs resulte en des effets paracrines de proliferation cellulaire et d'angiogenese ainsi qu'en une modulation de l'expression locale d'ARNm de plusieurs facteurs lies a la cicatrisation cutanee.


Resumen
Introduccion

Las celulas madre de adultos se han estudiado extensivamente en estrategias de bioingenieria para la reparacion de tejidos. Hemos evaluado el valor clinico y la seguridad de la aplicacion de celulas madre mesenquimales (MSCs) alogeneicas derivadas de la medula osea para tratar las heridas de la piel en un modelo canino.



Hipotesis

El transplante topico alogeneico de MSCs puede acelerar la cicatrizacion de heridas cutaneas experimentales de todo el grosor de la piel y disminuir la inflamacion local.



Animales

Se estudiaron perros de raza Beagle sanos adultos (n=10; de 3-6 anos de edad; 7,2-13,1 kg de peso).



Metodos

Se crearon heridas de todo el grosor de la piel en el dorso de perros Beagle sanos, y se inyectaron MSCs alogeneicas intradermicamente. El ritmo de reparacion de la herida y el grado de produccion de colageno se analizaron histologicamente utilizando tinciones de hematoxilina-eosina y tricromico. El grado de proliferacion celular y la angiogenesis se evaluaron mediante inmunohistoquimica utilizando anticuerpos especificos para el antigeno de proliferacion celular nuclear (PCNA), vimentina y α-actina de musculo liso. La expresion local de mRNA para interleuquina-2 (IL-2), interferon- γ (IFN- γ), factor basico de crecimiento de fibroblastos (BFGF) y metaloproteinasa de matriz-2 se evaluaron mediante RT-PCR.



Resultados

comparado con las heridas tratadas solo con el vehiculo, las heridas tratadas con MSCs mostraron una reparacion mas rapida y un aumento en la produccion de colageno, proliferacion celular y angiogenesis. Ademas, las heridas tratadas con MSCs mostraron una expresion aumentada de citoquinas proinflamatorias (IL-2 e IFN- γ) y factores relacionados con la reparacion de la herida (BFGF y metaloproteinasa de matriz-2).



Conclusion e importancia clinica

El transplante topico de MSCs resulta en efectos paracrinos en la proliferacion celular y angiogenesis, asi como en la modulacion de la expresion de mRNA de diversos factores relacionados con la cicatrizacion de heridas.


Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund

Adulte Stammzellen sind fur ihre biotechnologische Verwendung bei der Wiederherstellung von Geweben bereits weit reichend erforscht. Wir haben die klinische Bedeutung und Sicherheit der Applikation von kultivierten allogenen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (MSCs) aus dem Knochenmark zur Behandlung von Hautwunden in einem caninen Modell evaluiert.



Hypothese

Die topische allogene MSC Transplantation kann den Wundverschluss experimenteller Hautwunden (Brandwunden Grad III) beschleunigen und die lokale Entzundung mildern.



Tiere

Erwachsene gesunde Beagles (n=10; 3-6 Jahre alt; 7,2-13,1kg) wurden in der Studie verwendet.



Methoden

Es wurden Hautwunden 3. Grades am Rucken der gesunden Beagles verursacht und allogene MSCs intradermal injiziert. Die Schnelligkeit des Wundverschlusses und das Ausmas der Kollagenproduktion wurden histologisch mittels Hamatoxylin und Eosin Farbung und Trichromfarbung untersucht. Das Ausmas der zellularen Proliferation und der Angiogenese wurde mittels Immunzytochemie unter Verwendung von Proliferating-Cell-Nuclear-Antigen, Vimentin und Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin-spezifischen Antikorpern evaluiert. Die lokale Exprimierung von mRNA von Interleukin-2, Interferon-γ, Basic Fibroblasten Wachstumsfaktor und Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 wurde mittels RT PCR evaluiert.



Ergebnisse

Im Vergleich zu den Wunden, die nur mit dem Tragermedium behandelt worden waren, zeigten die mit MSC-behandelten Wunden einen rascheren Verschluss und eine erhohte Kollagensynthese, zellulare Proliferation und Angiogenese. Daruber hinaus zeigten MSC-behandelte Wunden eine verminderte Exprimierung pro-entzundlicher Zytokine (Interleukin-2 und Interferon-γ) und Wundheilungsfaktoren (Basic Fibroblasten Wachstumsfaktor und Matrix Metalloproteinase-2).



Schlussfolgerung und klinische Bedeutung

Die topische Transplantation von MSCs resultiert in parakrinen Effekten auf die zellulare Proliferation und Angiogenese sowie die Modulierung lokaler mRNA Exprimierung verschiedener Faktoren, die mit der Wundheilung der Haut im Zusammenhang stehen.


摘要
背景

以成体干细胞的生物工程法用于组织修复治疗已被广泛研究。将骨髓培养得到的外源性间充质干细胞(MSCs)用于犬模型上治疗皮肤创伤,我们来评估其临床价值和安全性。



假设

局部外源性MSC移植能使试验的皮肤创口全层愈合加快,并使局部炎症减轻。



动物

研究成年健康比格犬(n = 10;3–6 岁;7.2–13.1 kg)。



方法

在健康的比格犬背部创造全层皮肤创口,皮内注射外源性MSCs。使用苏木精和伊红染色法和三色染色法,从组织结构上分析伤口愈合率和胶原产生的程度。通过免疫细胞化学使用增殖细胞核抗原、维生素和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白-特定抗体,评估细胞增殖和血管生成程度。通过RT PCR评估白介素-2、γ-干扰素、基纤维母细胞生长因子和基质金属蛋白酶-2局部mRNA表达等级。



结果

与媒介物治疗创口相比,MSC治疗创口显示出更快的创口愈合,以及胶原合成、细胞增殖和血管生成增加。 此外,MSC治疗创口显示出炎性细胞因子(白介素-2和γ-干扰素)和与创口愈合相关因子(碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和基质金属蛋白酶-2)表达减少。



结论和临床价值

局部移植MSCs造成了对细胞增殖和血管生成的旁分泌作用,也同样引起几个与皮肤创伤愈合相关因子局部mRNA表达的调节。


要約
背景

成熟した幹細胞は組織修復療法に対して生物工学的なアプローチで広く研究されている。著者らは培養した骨髄由来の同種異系の間葉系肝細胞(MSCs)を犬の皮膚創傷の治療に応用し、臨床的な価値と安全性を評価した。



仮説

同種異系MSCの局所への移植は実験的な皮膚全層創傷の閉鎖と炎症の軽減を加速する可能性がある。



供与動物

成熟した健常ビーグル犬(n = 10; 3–6 歳齢; 7.2–13.1 kg)を用いた。



方法

健常ビーグルの背部に皮膚全層潰瘍を作成し、同種異系MSCを皮内に注射した。創傷閉鎖率とコラーゲン産生度をヘマトキシリン染色トリクローム染色を用いて組織学的に解析した。細胞増殖度と血管新生は核内増殖抗原−、ビメンチン−、α−平滑筋アクチン−特異的抗体を用いて免疫組織化学染色で評価した。局所のインターロイキン−2、インターフェロンγ、塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子とマトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ2のmRNA発現レベルをRT-PCRで評価した。



結果

賦形剤のみで治療した創傷と比較し、MSCで治療した創傷はより早期に閉鎖し、コラーゲン合成の増加、細胞増殖や血管新生を示した。さらに、MSCで治療した創傷は炎症後サイトカイン(インターロイキン−2とインターフェロン−γ)と創傷治癒関連因子(塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子とマトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ−2)の発現が減少していた。



結論と臨床的な重要性

MSCの局所への移植により細胞増殖と血管新生に対してはパラクライン効果を示すのと同時に,皮膚創傷治癒に関連する様々な因子の局所mRNA発現を調節した。

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/vde.12011

The effects of topical mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in canine experimental cutaneous wounds.

Ascorbic acid ameliorates oxidative damage induced by maternal low-level lead exposure in the hippocampus of rat pups during gestation and lactation.

Protective effects of ascorbic acid against lead-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat hippocampus in vivo.

The primary determinant of influenza virus infectivity is the type of linkage between sialic acid and oligosaccharides on the host cells. Hemagglutinin of avian influenza viruses preferentially binds to sialic acids linked to galactose by an α-2,3 linkage whereas hemagglutinin of human influenza viruses binds to sialic acids with an α-2,6 linkage. The distribution patterns of influenza receptors in the avian respiratory tracts are of particular interest because these are important for initial viral attachment, replication, and transmission to other species. In this study, we examined the distribution patterns of influenza receptors in the respiratory tract of chickens, ducks, pheasants, and quails because these species have been known to act as intermediate hosts in interspecies transmission. Lectin histochemistry was performed to detect receptor-bearing cells. Cell-specific distribution of the receptors was determined and expression densities were compared. We observed species-, site-, and cell-specific variations in receptor expression. In general, receptor expression was the highest in quails and lowest in ducks. Pheasants and quails had abundant expression of both types of receptors throughout the respiratory tract. These results indicate that pheasants and quails may play important roles as intermediate hosts for the generation of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.

https://synapse.koreamed.org/upload/SynapseData/PDFData/0118jvs/jvs-12-7.pdf

Jong-Hwan Lee

Papers

A comparison of autologous and allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in canine spinal cord injury

The effects of topical mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in canine experimental cutaneous wounds.

Ascorbic acid ameliorates oxidative damage induced by maternal low-level lead exposure in the hippocampus of rat pups during gestation and lactation.

Protective effects of ascorbic acid against lead-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat hippocampus in vivo.

Expression patterns of influenza virus receptors in the respiratory tracts of four species of poultry