We present here a new solution for the astronomical computation of the insolation quantities on Earth spanning from -250 Myr to 250 Myr. This solution has been improved with respect to La93 (Laskar et al. [CITE]) by using a direct integration of the gravitational equations for the orbital motion, and by improving the dissipative contributions, in particular in the evolution of the Earth–Moon System. The orbital solution has been used for the calibration of the Neogene period (Lourens et al.  [CITE]), and is expected to be used for age calibrations of paleoclimatic data over 40 to 50 Myr, eventually over the full Palaeogene period (65 Myr) with caution. Beyond this time span, the chaotic evolution of the orbits prevents a precise determination of the Earth's motion. However, the most regular components of the orbital solution could still be used over a much longer time span, which is why we provide here the solution over 250 Myr. Over this time interval, the most striking feature of the obliquity solution, apart from a secular global increase due to tidal dissipation, is a strong decrease of about 0.38 degree in the next few millions of years, due to the crossing of the  resonance (Laskar et al. [CITE]). For the calibration of the Mesozoic time scale (about 65 to 250 Myr), we propose to use the term of largest amplitude in the eccentricity, related to , with a fixed frequency of /yr, corresponding to a period of 405 000 yr. The uncertainty of this time scale over 100 Myr should be about , and  over the full Mesozoic era.

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A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth

Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics

Fluid dynamics is fundamental to our understanding of the atmosphere and oceans. Although many of the same principles of fluid dynamics apply to both the atmosphere and oceans, textbooks tend to concentrate on the atmosphere, the ocean, or the theory of geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD). This textbook provides a comprehensive unified treatment of atmospheric and oceanic fluid dynamics. The book introduces the fundamentals of geophysical fluid dynamics, including rotation and stratification, vorticity and potential vorticity, and scaling and approximations. It discusses baroclinic and barotropic instabilities, wave-mean flow interactions and turbulence, and the general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean. Student problems and exercises are included at the end of each chapter. Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation will be an invaluable graduate textbook on advanced courses in GFD, meteorology, atmospheric science and oceanography, and an excellent review volume for researchers. Additional resources are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521849692.

/pdf/atmospheric-and-oceanic-fluid-dynamics-fundamentals-and-299pddn1ga.pdf

Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation

The Max-Planck-Institute global ocean/sea ice model with orthogonal curvilinear coordinates

The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/284/5423/2137.full.pdf

The evolution of dinosaurs

Historical Background and Introduction.- References.- Pre-Telescopic Astronomical Observations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Development.- 3. Inter-Relation of Parameters.- 4. Recent Investigations.- 5. Remarks on the Selection of Suitable Observations.- 6. Observations of Total and Near-Total Solar Eclipses.- 7. Method of Analysis.- 8. Geophysical Discussion.- 9. Conclusions.- References.- Tidal Deceleration of the Earth's Rotation Deduced from Astronomical bservations in the Period A.D. 1600 to the Present.- 1. Introduction and Principle of Method.- 2. Moon's Orbital Angular Deceleration.- 2.1 Deceleration with Respect to Dynamical Time.- 2.2 Deceleration with Respect to Atomic Time.- 3. Tidal Deceleration of Earth's Rotation.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- Determination of the Rotation of the Earth (at Present).- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Preview.- 2. General Features of the Rotation of the Earth.- 2.1 Variation in the Earth's Rate of Rotation.- 2.2 Polar Motion.- 3. Equatorial System.- 4. Astronomic Longitude and Latitude.- 5. Time Scales.- 5.1 Astronomic Time.- 5.2 Atomic Time.- 6. Methods and Instruments of Observation.- 6.1 Optical Instruments.- 6.2 Doppler Satellite Measurements.- 7. Data Analysis Centers.- 8. Results on the Rotation of the Earth.- References.- Effect of Tidal Friction on the Lunar Orbit and the Rotation of Earth and Its Determination by Laser Ranging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Physical Problem.- 3. The Laser Technique and Its Application.- 4. Determination of the Lunar Acceleration.- 5. Comparisons and Difficulties of Interpretation.- References.- Appendix A: Comments on the Perturbed Mean Motion 52 ppendix B: Reality of the Venus Effect 53 ides of the Solid Earth from Gravimetric Measurements.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Concepts.- 3. The Tidal Potential.- 4. Determination of LOVE numbers from Gravimetric Data.- 5. Instrumentation.- 6. Actual Problems.- 7. Recent Results.- 8. Future Activities.- References.- Tidal Friction in the Solid Earth: Loading Tides Versus Body Tides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dissipated Tidal Energy in the Solid Earth.- 2.1 Theory of Dissipation in a Heterogeneous Incompressible Earth.- 2.2 Dissipation of Body Tide Energy.- 2.3 Dissipation of Loading Tide Energy.- 3. Global Tidal Q and Tidal Phase Shifts.- 3.1 Loading Tide Q Versus Body Tide Q.- 3.2 Numerical Results for the Body Tide.- 3.3 Theoretical Relationship between Tidal Bulge Angles, Body Tide Phase Shifts, and the Global Body Tide Q.- 3.4 Some More Numerical Examples.- 3.5 Numerical Results for the Loading Tides.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- Tidal Dissipation in the Oceans.- References.- The Influence of Solid Earth Deformations on Semidiurnal and iurnal Oceanic Tides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Considering Tidal Loading and Ocean Self-Attraction in.- Ocean-Tide Models.- 2.1 Tidal Integrodifferential Equations and the Energy-Equation Belonging to Them.- 2.2 Properties of Different Ocean-Tide Models.- 3. Generalization of the 4 -Primitive-Equations Model.- 3.1 The Finite-Difference Scheme.- 3.2 Oceanic Tides on a Nonrotating Earth.- 4. The Computed Global M2-Tide.- 5. The Computed Global K1-Tide.- 6. Conclusions.- Glossary of Symbols.- References.- The Numerical Computation of Tidal Friction for Present and ncient Oceans.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Computation of Tidal Friction by Hydrodynamic-Numerical.- Models.- 2.1 Basic Equations.- 2.2 Analytic Considerations.- 2.3 Hydrodynamic-Numerical Models.- 3. A Numerical Model for the Present Ocean.- 3.1 Requirements.- 3.2 Balance of Angular Momentum.- 4. Numerical Model for Ancient Oceans.- 4.1 Necessity of Such a Model.- 4.2 Bathymetry.- 4.3 Application to the Permian Ocean.- 4.4 Verification.- 5. Further Activities.- References.- The Earth's Palaeorotation.- 1. The Coral Data.- 2. The Bivalve Data.- 3. Stromatolite Data.- 4. Combined Data 1.- References.- Periodic Growth Features in Fossil Organisms and the Lenght of the ay and Month.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biological Considerations.- 2.1 Growth Increments in Corals.- 2.2 Growth Increments in Bivalves.- 2.3 Growth Increments in Stromatolites.- 2.4 Biological Clocks.- 3. The Data.- 3.1 Recording the Data.- 3.2 The Published Data.- 4. Implications of the Growth Increment Data.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- Geological and Geophysical Evidence Relating to Continental rowth and Dynamics and the Hydrosphere in Precambrian Times: Review and Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Hydrosphere.- 3. The Continental Crust.- 4. Precambrian Dynamics of the Continental Crust.- 5. Palaeomagnetic Analysis of Precambrian Crustal Movements.- 5.1 Gondwanaland-Late Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic.- 5.2 Laurentian Shield-Upper Proterozoic.- 5.3 African Shield-Upper Proterozoic.- 5.4 Laurentian Shield-Middle-Lower Proterozoic.- 5.5 Africa-Middle-Lower Proterozoic.- 5.6 Australia-2600-1100 my.- 5.7 Baltic-Ukrainian Shield-2000-1200 my.- 6. Palaeomagnetic Correlations Between the Proterozoic Shields.- 7. Proterozoic Supercontinent.- 8. Age of the Earth-Moon System.- 9. Stromatolite Evidence for Precambrian Tidal Parameters.- 10. Sedimentologic Evidence for Precambrian Tidal Parameters.- 11. The Tidal Couple and Changes in the Earth's Rotation in Precambrian Times.- References.- Concluding Remarks.

Tidal friction and the Earth's rotation.

In the Andaman Sea and Malacca Strait, as in other parts of the Indian Ocean, the seasonal change of the wind plays a most important role: the south-west (hereafter SW) is monsoon active from June through September and the north-east (hereafter NE) monsoon is active from December through February. During the NE monsoon the winds are directed from the north and northeast to the south-west, and during the SW monsoon from the south-west to the north-east. Strong winds between June and September lead to maximum rainfall over most parts of the Indian subcontinent. These areas are also greatly influenced by the tides. The circulation in the Andaman Sea and the Malacca Strait is simulated with a three-dimensional baroclinic primitive equation model. In order to run the model, the HAMSOM model is used. The model is forced by tides at the open boundaries as well as by wind and heat flux. We use also the NCEP/NCAR data. The M2-tide amplitudes are bigger in the shallow areas in the northwest part coast of Andaman Sea and in the Malacca Strait. The phases of M2 tide shows that the M2 tidal wave come from Indian Ocean and bifurcates to the Andaman Sea and Malacca Strait. The current ellipses of M2-tide are also stronger in the shallow areas both in the Andaman Sea and Malacca Strait. There are two types of tidal distribution in the Andaman Sea and Malacca Strait. In the Indian Ocean part and in the middle of the Malacca Strait, the type is mixed tide prevailing semi diurnal, while in the Andaman Sea and the southern part of the Malacca Strait the type is semi diurnal tide. Generally, the general circulation caused by tides, heat flux and wind both for NE and SW monsoon shows the same pattern. These general circulation patterns, vertical structure of temperature and salinity in the Malacca Strait are compared with the observations carried out by other researchers. Based on those comparisons, the results of the model are reasonable. It means, the HAMSOM model can be used for the simulation of the Andaman Sea and Malacca Strait.

General Circulation in the Malacca Strait and Andaman Sea: A Numerical Model Study

Ocean induced changes of Earth's rotation are attributed either to tides or to variations of the general circulation. Analogously, numerical world ocean models can still be divided into Ocean General Circulation and tidal models, although a neglect of nonlinear interactions in favor of a linear superimposition of both components of motion is questionable. By means of a simultaneous simulation of the ocean's circulation and tides we estimate the importance of two oceanic effects with respect to excitation of polar motion: nonlinearities between circulation and long-period tides and the circulation induced potential due to loading and self-attraction of a baroclinic ocean. Comparing the linear superimposition of separate model simulations with the simultaneous calculation of circulation and tides it turns out that these second-order effects contribute about 8% to ocean induced changes in Earth's orientation.

/pdf/consideration-of-ocean-tides-in-an-ogcm-and-impacts-on-4xsj56t7qx.pdf

Consideration of ocean tides in an OGCM and impacts on subseasonal to decadal polar motion excitation

Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations, and Models is the first book to give a comprehensive overview of measurement techniques and theories for marine turbulence and mixing processes. It describes the processes which control the mixing of greenhouse gases, nutrients, trace elements, and hazardous substances in our oceans and shelf seas – from local to planetary scales. These processes buffer climate changes and are centrally important for regional to global ecosystem dynamics. The book is divided into eight parts. Part I introduces the nature of turbulence in relation to stratification, waves, and intermittence. Part II describes observational techniques for field studies. Part III presents selected computational means for the study of turbulence. Part IV introduces details of boundary layers. Parts V and VI present practical case studies in estuaries, fjords, lakes, and shelf seas, and at the shelf edge. Part VII bridges the smallscale three-dimensional turbulence and quasi-two-dimensional turbulence occurring on the planetary scale. Part VIII concludes the book with an overview of comprehensive data sets and models codes. The publication also contains source codes of turbulence models and models of the upper-ocean mixing layer (COHERENS and GOTM), and observational data sets of turbulence charac teristics or corresponding proxies of waters from all over the world.

Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations, and Models

http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/533suend.pdf

Jürgen Sündermann

Papers

Tidal friction and the Earth's rotation.

General Circulation in the Malacca Strait and Andaman Sea: A Numerical Model Study

Consideration of ocean tides in an OGCM and impacts on subseasonal to decadal polar motion excitation

Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations, and Models

A brief analysis of North Sea physics