2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

In studying the performance of coded communications over memoryless channels (with or without fading), the results are given as upper bounds on the average bit error probability (BEP). In principle, there are three different approaches to arriving at these bounds, all of which employ obtaining the so-called pairwise error probability , or the probability of choosing one symbol sequence over another for a given pair of possible transmitted symbol sequences, followed by a weighted summation over all pairwise events. In this chapter, we will focus on the results obtained from the third approach since these provide the tightest upper bounds on the true performance. The first emphasis will be placed on evaluating the pairwise error probability with and without CSI, following which we shall discuss how the results of these evaluations can be used via the transfer bound approach to evaluate average BEP of coded modulation transmitted over the fading channel.

Coded Communication over Fading Channels

In general, Micropower Impulse Radar (MIR) depends on Ultra-Wideband (UWB) transmission systems. UWB technology can supply innovative new systems and products that have an obvious value for radar and communications uses. Important applications include bridge-deck inspection systems, ground penetrating radar, mine detection, and precise distance resolution for such things as liquid level measurement. Most of these UWB inspection and measurement methods have some unique qualities, which need to be pursued. Therefore, in considering changes to Part 15 the FCC needs to take into account the unique features of UWB technology. MIR is applicable to two general types of UWB systems: radar systems and communications systems. Currently LLNL and its licensees are focusing on radar or radar type systems. LLNL is evaluating MIR for specialized communication systems. MIR is a relatively low power technology. Therefore, MIR systems seem to have a low potential for causing harmful interference to other users of the spectrum since the transmitted signal is spread over a wide bandwidth, which results in a relatively low spectral power density.

/pdf/response-to-fcc-98-208-notice-of-inquiry-in-the-matter-of-3attixctl7.pdf

Response to FCC 98-208 notice of inquiry in the matter of revision of part 15 of the commission's rules regarding ultra-wideband transmission systems

The wireless medium being inherently broadcast in nature and hence prone to interferences requires highly optimized medium access control (MAC) protocols. This holds particularly true for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consisting of a large amount of miniaturized battery-powered wireless networked sensors required to operate for years with no human intervention. There has hence been a growing interest on understanding and optimizing WSN MAC protocols in recent years, where the limited and constrained resources have driven research towards primarily reducing energy consumption of MAC functionalities. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art study in which we thoroughly expose the prime focus of WSN MAC protocols, design guidelines that inspired these protocols, as well as drawbacks and shortcomings of the existing solutions and how existing and emerging technology will influence future solutions. In contrast to previous surveys that focused on classifying MAC protocols according to the technique being used, we provide a thematic taxonomy in which protocols are classified according to the problems dealt with. We also show that a key element in selecting a suitable solution for a particular situation is mainly driven by the statistical properties of the generated traffic.

/pdf/mac-essentials-for-wireless-sensor-networks-7v5zc579kv.pdf

MAC Essentials for Wireless Sensor Networks

A realistic power consumption model of wireless communication subsystems typically used in many sensor network node devices is presented. Simple power consumption models for major components are individually identified, and the effective transmission range of a sensor node is modeled by the output power of the transmitting power amplifier, sensitivity of the receiving low noise amplifier, and RF environment. Using this basic model, conditions for minimum sensor network power consumption are derived for communication of sensor data from a source device to a destination node. Power consumption model parameters are extracted for two types of wireless sensor nodes that are widely used and commercially available. For typical hardware configurations and RF environments, it is shown that whenever single hop routing is possible it is almost always more power efficient than multi-hop routing. Further consideration of communication protocol overhead also shows that single hop routing will be more power efficient compared to multi-hop routing under realistic circumstances. This power consumption model can be used to guide design choices at many different layers of the design space including, topology design, node placement, energy efficient routing schemes, power management and the hardware design of future wireless sensor network devices

A Realistic Power Consumption Model for Wireless Sensor Network Devices

The research topic of sensor networks has been around for some time. With improvements in device size, power consumption, communications, and computing technology, sensor networks are becoming more popular for an ever increasing range of applications. Since 2002, there has been an increased in the popularity of commercial applications based on ultra wideband. This, in turn, has ignited interest in the use of this technology for sensor networks and fuelled research in the area. Impulse-radio-based UWB technology has a number of inherent properties that are well suited to sensor network applications. In particular, UWB systems have potentially low complexity and low cost, have noise-like signal, are resistant to severe multipath and jamming, and have very good time domain resolution allowing for location and tracking applications. This article examines one example of a UWB sensor network for outdoor sport and lifestyle applications.

UWB wireless sensor networks: UWEN - a practical example

This paper provides an analytical model for the study of energy consumption in multihop wireless embedded and sensor networks where nodes are extremely power constrained. Low-power optimization techniques developed for conventional ad hoc networks are not sufficient as they do not properly address particular features of embedded and sensor networks. It is not enough to reduce overall energy consumption, it is also important to maximize the lifetime of the entire network, that is, maintain full network connectivity for as long as possible. This paper considers different multihop scenarios to compute the energy per bit, efficiency and energy consumed by individual nodes and the network as a whole. The analysis uses a detailed model for the energy consumed by the radio at each node. Multihop topologies with equidistant and optimal node spacing are studied. Numerical computations illustrate the effects of packet routing, and explore the effects of coding and medium access control. These results show that always using a simple multihop message relay strategy is not always the best procedure.

Energy Optimization in Multihop Wireless Embedded and Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a detailed energy survey of the physical, data link, and network layer by analytical techniques. We also show the impact of regular sleep periods on node energy consumption and present a comparison analysis of single-hop vs. multi-hop communications in the energy realm. A detailed energy expenditure analysis of not only the physical layer but also the link and network layer provides a basis for developing new energy efficient wireless sensor networks. Regular, coordinated sleeping extends the lifetime of sensor nodes, but systems can only benefit from sleeping in terms of transmitted packets if the data arrival rate to the system is low. Energy efficiency is the driving motivation for it can be considered the most important factor for wireless sensor networks because of the power constraints set by battery operation. Radio solutions in the lower ISM bands are attractive because of their relatively easy implementation and low power consumption. However, the data rates of these commercial radios are also relatively low, limiting transmittable frame sizes to a few tens of octets along with strict duty cycle requirements. From the analysis we extract key parameters of selected MAC protocols and show that some traditional mechanisms, such as binary exponential backoff, have some inherent problems. We also argue that single-hop communications has up todo% lower energy consumption than multi-hop forwarding within the feasible transmission distances of an ISM radio. Index Terms-Energy efficiency, Wireless sensor net- works, Medium access control (MAC) protocols, multi-hop communications a duty cycIe (Z), (3), which is normally 10% for the 434MHz band and 1% for the 868MHz band. The duty cycle is defined as the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the maximum transmitter on-time, relative to a one hour period. When a sensor network is expected to work continuously, this duty cycle has to be taken into account and it can affect the energy efficiency of a network. In this paper we perform cross-layer analysis by pre- senting topology, medium access control (MAC) and ra- dio transceiver energy consumption models that work in unison. The hear topology model represents a common network after network layer route discovery has been accomplished. We use an energy consumption model for the transmission and reception of MAC frames originally presented in (4), develop a coordinated sleep group energy consumption model, and analytically investigate the effect of sleep on sensor networks using three MAC protocols. From the analysis we show that although in an ideal scenario multi-hop communications perform better than single-hop communications, realistic energy models and especially the MAC protocol design have a significant impact. We propose a multi-group sleep model for our nanoMAC protocol, and show that reg- ular sleep periods have a significant, energy reducing impact on node energy consumption with low traf!fic rates. The radio transceiver energy model takes into account several important radio parameters and we use the RFM TRlOOO and RFM radio designers guide (5) for realistic transceiver parameters. The main metric used is absolute energy, consumption per useful transmitted bit. This means only the MAC or thc network protocol data unit (PDU) will be considered and all the other communicated bits, headers, control frames, preambles, etc. are considered as overhead. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Some related work is discussed in Section IT and in Section 111 we look at the radio propagation energy model. Section TV presents the network topology and energy

https://www.inets.rwth-aachen.de/pub/Cross_Layer_Enery_Analysis.pdf

Cross-layer Energy Analysis of Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper provides a view to Peer-to-Peer (P2P) approach for smart grid operation adopted in P2P-SmarTest project. It provides an overview on solutions proposed for distributed P2P energy trading, P2P grid control and wireless communication enabling the proposed P2P operation. The paper proposes some business models that can be adopted in a P2P setting. We also outline the barriers and enablers against and for adopting local or regional P2P based electricity operations.

/pdf/p2p-model-for-distributed-energy-trading-grid-control-and-1025xdyxv4.pdf

P2P model for distributed energy trading, grid control and ICT for local smart grids

This paper presents an updated survey on research related to ultra wideband (UWB) communications, particularly that of impulse radio (IR) technology. In addition to the research, we survey UWB physical layer specifications of the two existing standards-the IEEE 802.15.6-2012 and the IEEE 802.15.4-2015-as well as the leading global UWB spectrum regulatory limitations which have been updated recently. The latter standard including the UWB specifications was first published in 2007 and the latest revision dates to 2015. The focus in this paper is the period from 2007 to 2015. Our purpose is to provide an in-depth survey with a clearly specified topic together with the standard specifications and the related regulatory restrictions. Additionally, the last part of this paper discusses the possibilities of increasing the current IR-UWB data rates to meet increasing future demands.

/pdf/an-ultra-wideband-survey-global-regulations-and-impulse-2r98u295ub.pdf

Jussi Haapola

Papers

UWB wireless sensor networks: UWEN - a practical example

Energy Optimization in Multihop Wireless Embedded and Sensor Networks

Cross-layer Energy Analysis of Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks

P2P model for distributed energy trading, grid control and ICT for local smart grids

An Ultra Wideband Survey: Global Regulations and Impulse Radio Research Based on Standards