For 2010 the bibliography continues its customary coverage of secondary writings published since 1900 in western European languages on slavery or the slave trade anywhere in the world: monographs, ...

Slavery: annual bibliographical supplement (2010)

Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes Since 1956.Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley

Royalist Indians and slaves in the northern Andes engaged with the ideas of the Age of Revolution (1780–1825), such as citizenship and freedom. Although generally ignored in recent revolution-centered versions of the Latin American independence processes, their story is an essential part of the history of the period. In Indian and Slave Royalists in the Age of Revolution, Marcela Echeverri draws a picture of the royalist region of Popayan (modern-day Colombia) that reveals deep chronological layers and multiple social and spatial textures. She uses royalism as a lens to rethink the temporal, spatial, and conceptual boundaries that conventionally structure historical narratives about the Age of Revolution. Looking at royalism and liberal reform in the northern Andes, she suggests that profound changes took place within the royalist territories. These emerged as a result of the negotiation of the rights of local people, Indians and slaves, with the changing monarchical regime.

Indian and Slave Royalists in the Age of Revolution: Reform, Revolution, and Royalism in the Northern Andes, 1780-1825

From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, Spanish and Portuguese monarchs launched global campaigns for territory and trade. This process spurred two efforts that reshaped the world: missions to spread Christianity to the four corners of the globe, and the horrors of the transatlantic slave trade. These efforts joined in unexpected ways to give rise to black saints. Erin Kathleen Rowe presents the untold story of how black saints - and the slaves who venerated them - transformed the early modern church. By exploring race, the Atlantic slave trade, and global Christianity, she provides new ways of thinking about blackness, holiness, and cultural authority. Rowe transforms our understanding of global devotional patterns and their effects on early modern societies by looking at previously unstudied sculptures and paintings of black saints, examining the impact of black lay communities, and analysing controversies unfolding in the church about race, moral potential, enslavement, and salvation.

Black Saints in Early Modern Global Catholicism

Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State 1894-1987, Charles R. Hale. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994. ix + 296pp. $42.50 (cloth). ISBN 0-8047-2255-2.

Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State,1894–1987

Many of the earliest Africans to arrive in the Americas came to Central America with Spanish colonists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and people of African descent constituted the majority of nonindigenous populations in the region long thereafter. Yet in the development of national identities and historical consciousness, Central American nations have often countenanced widespread practices of social, political, and regional exclusion of blacks. The postcolonial development of mestizo or mixed-race ideologies of national identity have systematically downplayed African ancestry and social and political involvement in favor of Spanish and Indian heritage and contributions. In addition, a powerful sense of place and belonging has led many peoples of African descent in Central America to identify themselves as something other than African American, reinforcing the tendency of local and foreign scholars to see Central America as peripheral to the African diaspora in the Americas. The essays in this collection begin to recover the forgotten and downplayed histories of blacks in Central America, demonstrating the centrality of African Americans to the region’s history from the earliest colonial times to the present. They reveal how modern nationalist attempts to define mixed-race majorities as “Indo-Hispanic,” or as anything but African American, clash with the historical record of the first region of the Americas in which African Americans not only gained the right to vote but repeatedly held high office, including the presidency, following independence from Spain in 1821.

Contributors . Rina Caceres Gomez, Lowell Gudmundson, Ronald Harpelle, Juliet Hooker, Catherine Komisaruk, Russell Lohse, Paul Lokken, Mauricio Melendez Obando, Karl H. Offen, Lara Putnam, Justin Wolfe

Blacks and Blackness in Central America: Between Race and Place

In recent years, child migrants from Central America have arrived in the United States in unprecedented numbers. But whilst minors from Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador make the perilous journey to the north, their Nicaraguan peers have remained in Central America. Nicaragua also enjoys lower murder rates and far fewer gang problems when compared with her neighbours.
Why is Nicaragua so different? The present government has promulgated a discourse of Nicaraguan exceptionalism, arguing that Nicaragua is unique thanks to heritage of the 1979 Sandinista revolution. This volume critically interrogates that claim, asking whether the legacy of the revolution is truly exceptional. An interdisciplinary work, the book brings together historians, anthropologists and sociologists to explore the multifarious ways in which the revolutionary past continues to shape public policy - and daily life - in Nicaragua’s tumultuous present.

A Nicaraguan Exceptionalism

1 Introduction 2.Brothers and Others: Elite Conceptions of Nation and State 3 Death and Taxes: Building the National State 4.The Wealth of the Country: Land, Community and Ethnicity 5.The Work of Their Hands: Labor, Community and Ethnicity 6.Customs of the Nicaraguan Family: Ethnic Conflict and National Identity Chapter 7.Conclusion Bibliography

The Everyday Nation-State: Community and Ethnicity in Nineteenth-Century Nicaragua

This study examines the relationship between labour and nation in nineteenth-century Nicaragua by exploring how the state’s institutional efforts to control labour coincided with a prevailing discourse of nation that idealised farmers (agricultores) and wage labourers ( jornaleros and operarios) at opposite ends of the spectrum of national citizenship. The article focuses on the towns of the ethnically diverse region of the Prefecture of Granada, an area that included the present-day departments of Granada, Carazo and Masaya, and where coffee production first boomed in Nicaragua. It is argued that labour coercion rested not simply on the building of national, regional and municipal institutions of labour control, but also on defining the political and social role of labourers within the national community. At the same time, subaltern communities, especially indigenous ones, contested these efforts not merely through evasion and subterfuge, but by engaging the discourse of nation-state to claim citizenship as farmers and assert independence from landlords. ‘Vagrancy is more a danger to society than a suffering, ’ wrote Liberato Dubon, the prefect of Leon, in a characteristic display of nineteenth-century Liberal warmth and charity.1 Although Nicaraguan elites had lamented the scarcity of cheap labour since the earliest days of the colonial period, relatively easy access to land, the state’s inability to control its extensive agricultural frontier and the post-independence end of the repartimiento compounded the problem.2 But what at first blush appears simply to be the Justin Wolfe is Assistant Professor in the Department of History at Tulane University. * The author is grateful to Aldo Lauria-Santiago and Lowell Gudmundson for comments on an earlier draft of this article. Research for this study was supported by grants from IIE-Fulbright and the UCLA Latin American Center. 1 Liberato Dubon, Gaceta de Nicaragua (Managua), 5 March 1864. 2 See, e.g., German Romero Vargas, Las estructuras sociales de Nicaragua en el siglo XVIII (Managua, 1988), p. 158 ; Murdo J. MacLeod, Spanish Central America : A Socioeconomic History, 1520–1720 (Berkeley, 1973), pp. 204–31, 288–309 ; E. Bradford Burns, Patriarch and Folk : The Emergence of Nicaragua, 1798–1858 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 8–9, 31 ; Linda A. Newson, Indian Survival in Colonial Nicaragua (Norman, 1987), pp. 277–8. J. Lat. Amer. Stud. 36, 57–83 f 2004 Cambridge University Press 57 DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X03007077 Printed in the United Kingdom

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Those That Live by the Work of Their Hands: Labour, Ethnicity and Nation-State Formation in Nicaragua, 1850–1900

Acknowledgments vii Introduction / Lowell Gudmundson and Justin Wolfe 1 Part I. Colonial Worlds of Slavery and Freedom Angolans in Amatitlan: Sugar, African Immigrants, and Gente Ladina in Colonial Guatemala / Paul Lokken 27 Cacao and Slavery in Matina, Costa Rica, 1650-1750 / Russell Lohse 57 Race and Place in Colonial Mosquitia, 1600-1787 / Karl H. Offen 92 Slavery and Social Differentiation: Slave Wages in Omoa / Rina Caceres Gomez 130 Becoming Free, Becoming Ladino: Slave Emancipation and Mestizaje in Colonial Guatemala / Catherine Komisaruk 150 Part II. Nation Building and Reinscribing Race "The Cruel Whip": Race and Place in Nineteenth-Century Nicaragua / Justin Wolfe 177 What Difference did Color Make? Blacks in the "White Towns" of Western Nicaragua in the 1880s / Lowell Gudmundson 209 Race and the Space of Citizenship: The Mosquito Coast and the Place of Blackness and Indigeneity in Nicaragua / Juliet Hooker 246 Eventually Alien: The Multigenerational Saga of British Western Indians in Central America, 1870-1940 / Lara Putnam 278 White Zones: American Enclave Communities of Central America / Ronald Harpelle 307 The Slow Ascent of the Marginalized: Afro-Descendents in Costa Rica and Nicaragua / Mauricio Melendez Obando 334 Bibliography 353 Contributors 385 Index 389

Justin Wolfe

Papers

Blacks and Blackness in Central America: Between Race and Place

A Nicaraguan Exceptionalism

The Everyday Nation-State: Community and Ethnicity in Nineteenth-Century Nicaragua

Those That Live by the Work of Their Hands: Labour, Ethnicity and Nation-State Formation in Nicaragua, 1850–1900

Blacks & blackness in Central America : between race and place