https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/365946.pdf

The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: pharmacological and toxicological considerations.

Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are currently experiencing one of the most rapid epidemiological transitions characterized by increasing urbanization and changing lifestyle factors. This has resulted in an increase in the incidence of non-communicable diseases, especially cardiovascular disease (CVD). This double burden of communicable and chronic non-communicable diseases has long-term public health impact as it undermines healthcare systems. The purpose of this paper is to explore the socio-cultural context of CVD risk prevention and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa. We discuss risk factors specific to the SSA context, including poverty, urbanization, developing healthcare systems, traditional healing, lifestyle and socio-cultural factors. We conducted a search on African Journals On-Line, Medline, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases using combinations of the key country/geographic terms, disease and risk factor specific terms such as "diabetes and Congo" and "hypertension and Nigeria". Research articles on clinical trials were excluded from this overview. Contrarily, articles that reported prevalence and incidence data on CVD risk and/or articles that report on CVD risk-related beliefs and behaviors were included. Both qualitative and quantitative articles were included. The epidemic of CVD in SSA is driven by multiple factors working collectively. Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise and smoking contribute to the increasing rates of CVD in SSA. Some lifestyle factors are considered gendered in that some are salient for women and others for men. For instance, obesity is a predominant risk factor for women compared to men, but smoking still remains mostly a risk factor for men. Additionally, structural and system level issues such as lack of infrastructure for healthcare, urbanization, poverty and lack of government programs also drive this epidemic and hampers proper prevention, surveillance and treatment efforts. Using an African-centered cultural framework, the PEN3 model, we explore future directions and efforts to address the epidemic of CVD risk in SSA.

/pdf/an-overview-of-cardiovascular-risk-factor-burden-in-sub-2msw2yy858.pdf

An overview of cardiovascular risk factor burden in sub-Saharan African countries: A socio-cultural perspective

Ethnopharmacological field studies: a critical assessment of their conceptual basis and methods.

Phyllanthus amarus: Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: A review

Nigella sativa inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and improves glucose tolerance in rats.

http://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/prelude2016/pdf/biblio-a-39-abo.pdf

Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in South Western Nigeria.

Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of two Anthocleista species and in vivo rat model anti-diabetic activities of Anthocleista djalonensis extracts and fractions.

Wound healing effect of Flabellaria paniculata leaf extracts.

https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.11.1.0099 Abstract This report is on the urease inhibitory and free radical scavenging activities of the leaf extracts of Murraya paniculata . The pulverized plant sample (314 g) was extracted by successive cold maceration using n-hexane (non-polar), acetone (moderately polar) and absolute ethanol (polar) for 72 hrs. Phytochemical screening done using standard phytochemical methods, urease inhibition using modifed Berthelot method and free radical scavenging using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) spectrophotometric assays. The bioactive extract was fractionated on chromatography column packed with normal phase silica gel (200-400 mesh size) and eluted using gradient mixtures of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The pooled fractions from the column were assessed for bioactivity. The functional group investigation was done using infra-red (IR) spectroscopy. Alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, phenols, steroids, and carbohydrates were present in the extract. The acetone extract displayed the highest free radical scavenging activity (54.186±0.0004) with IC 50 value: 0.84 mg/ml, and urease inhibition. Its dichloromethane-methanol column chromatography fraction had the highest free radical scavenging activity at 0.8 mg/ml (60.65±0.062) with an IC50 value: 0.49mg/ml. The activities were quite significant compared to the standard (Ascorbic acid) at P<0.05. The bioactive dichloromethane-methanol column chromatography fraction evidenced vibration stretching bands [3440 cm 1 (O-H), 2975 cm -1 (C-H), 1745 cm -1 (C=O), 1634 cm -1 (C=C), 1290 cm -1 (C-N), and 1134/1007 cm -1 (C-O)] from the IR spectroscopy thus corroborating the detected phytochemicals. These current results validate the use of the M. paniculata in managing oxidative stress and other reported traditional uses in addition to the potentials for its use in the discovery and development of eco-friendly urease inhibitors for sustainable

4.0. Anti-urease and antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts from Murraya paniculata

Natural products such as plant extracts provide unlimited opportunities for new drug discoveries because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Cola lepidota (Sterculiaceae) commonly called Monkey kola, has been used over the years in ethnonomedicine practice and as food. This research was aimed at the evaluating the effect of the 70% aqueous ethanol extract from the pulp of Cola lepidota on the urease enzyme. The pulp of Cola lepidota was freeze dried and pulverized. The pulverized plant material was extracted exhaustively by cold maceration in 70% aqueous ethanol for 72 hours to afford the 70% aqueous ethanol extract. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods. In vitro anti-urease screening was done spectrophotometric ally using the modified Berthelot method. Alkaloid, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins and cardiac glycosides were present in the powdered plant. The 70% aqueous ethanol extract exhibited a significant (p<0.05) activity against urease with an IC50 of 3.3799 mg/ml. In conclusion, C. lepidota fruit has anti-urease activities and could be a source of urease inhibitors for drugs and eco-friendly agrochemicals discovery thus justifying some of its folkloric uses. 

K.A. Abo

Papers

Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in South Western Nigeria.

Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of two Anthocleista species and in vivo rat model anti-diabetic activities of Anthocleista djalonensis extracts and fractions.

Wound healing effect of Flabellaria paniculata leaf extracts.

4.0. Anti-urease and antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts from Murraya paniculata

Evaluation of the hydro-alcohol extract of Cola lepidota (K Schum) (Sterculiaceae) against urease enzyme for sustainable health and agronomy