Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition Chapter 1: Overview of seismic critical excitation method Chapter 2: Critical excitation for stationary and non-stationary random inputs 25 Chapter 3: Critical excitation for non-proportionally damped structural systems Chapter 4: Critical excitation for acceleration response Chapter 5: Critical excitation for elastic-plastic response Chapter 6: Critical envelope function for non-stationary random earthquake input Chapter 7: Robust stiffness design for structure-dependent critical excitation Chapter 8: Critical excitation for earthquake energy input in SDOF system Chapter 9: Critical excitation for earthquake energy input in MDOF system Chapter 10: Critical excitation for earthquake energy input in soil-structure interaction system Chapter 11: Critical excitation for earthquake energy input in structure-pile-soil system Chapter 12: Critical excitation for earthquake energy input rate Chapter 13: Critical excitation for multi-component inputs Chapter 14: Critical excitation for elastic-plastic response using deterministic approach Chapter 15: Earthquake resilience evaluation of building structures with critical excitation methods

Critical excitation methods in earthquake engineering

Natural hazards are complex phenomena that can occur independently, simultaneously, or in a series as cascading events. For any particular region, numerous single hazard maps may not necessarily provide all information regarding impending hazards to the stakeholders for preparedness and planning. A multi-hazard map furnishes composite illustration of the natural hazards of varying magnitude, frequency, and spatial distribution. Thus, multi-hazard risk assessment is performed to depict the holistic natural hazards scenario of any particular region. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, multi-hazard risk assessments are rarely conducted in Nepal although multiple natural hazards strike the country almost every year. In this study, floods, landslides, earthquakes, and urban fire hazards are used to assess multi-hazard risk in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is then integrated with the Geographical Information System (GIS). First, flood, landslide, earthquake, and urban fire hazard assessments are performed individually and then superimposed to obtain multi-hazard risk. Multi-hazard risk assessment of Kathmandu Valley is performed by pair-wise comparison of the four natural hazards. The sum of observations concludes that densely populated areas, old settlements, and the central valley have high to very high level of multi-hazard risk.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/10/5369/pdf

Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

This study performs district and local administrative level multi-hazard zonation of Nepal As multiple natural hazards are frequent, and their losses are enormous, multi-hazard zonation maps can p

Local level multi-hazard zonation of Nepal

Abstract Central America is affected by geological and hydrometeorological hazards that, together with its high exposure and vulnerability, comprise risky scenarios for disasters. This region presents a significant number of casualties and economic losses due to disasters every year. We present an analysis of the origin of extensive risks (high-frequency-low-magnitude hazards occurrences) and intensive (low-frequency-high magnitude hazard occurrences) in Central America from 1990 to 2015 using the disaster databases EM-DAT and DesInventar. Findings reveal that Costa Rica reported the greatest number of both intensive and extensive risks (disaster occurrences) whereas El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras experienced the highest number of casualties in terms of injuries and lost, as well as highest number of damaged or destroyed houses by extensive and intensive risks. Disaster databases, like the ones employed in this research, provide useful data for risk assessment, land use planning, and risk management in developing countries. This study stresses the need for exhaustive risk assessment at the local, regional, and national scales.

Natural Disaster Risk Inequalities in Central America

Abstract During the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake ( M w 7.8), extensive soil liquefaction was observed across the Kathmandu Valley. As a densely populated urban settlement, the assessment of liquefaction potential of the valley is crucial especially for ensuring the safety of engineering structures. In this study, we use borehole data including SPT-N values of 410 locations in the valley to assess the susceptibility, hazard, and risk of liquefaction of the valley soil considering three likely-to-recur scenario earthquakes. Some of the existing and frequently used analysis and computation methods are employed for the assessments, and the obtained results are presented in the form of liquefaction hazard maps indicating factor of safety, liquefaction potential index, and probability of ground failure ( P G ). The assessment results reveal that most of the areas have medium to very high liquefaction susceptibility, and that the central and southern parts of the valley are more susceptible to liquefaction and are at greater risk of liquefaction damage than the northern parts. The assessment outcomes are validated with the field manifestations during the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake. The target SPT-N values ( N improved ) at potentially liquefiable areas are determined using back analysis to ascertain no liquefaction during the aforesaid three scenario earthquakes. 

/pdf/liquefaction-hazard-assessment-and-ground-failure-1tf8e2vh.pdf

Liquefaction hazard assessment and ground failure probability analysis in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal

This paper reports an extensive review on the development of sustainability practices in structural engineering. Using the systematic review approach, the historical development, application, and advancements of sustainability concepts and practices in structural engineering are presented. Reviews are conducted in terms of structural design, construction materials, and sustainability assessment tools with regard to the triple bottom line aspect of sustainability and multi-hazard resilience. All three factors are summed up, and future avenues are discussed in the paper. The findings highlight that more integrated approaches are needed in the future to assure sustainability practices in structural engineering. Furthermore, it is concluded that the endorsement of sustainability approaches in structural engineering would be a pertinent solution for the changing landscape of structural engineering amidst the multi-hazard challenges.

Progress in sustainable structural engineering: a review

Earthquakes are frequent in the Himalayas and almost all moderate to strong earthquakes have caused enormous losses of lives and property in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Several historical earthquakes ...

K C Sajan

Papers

Progress in sustainable structural engineering: a review

Probabilistic seismic liquefaction hazard assessment of Kathmandu valley, Nepal