THE author of this book ranks as the foremost American worker on insect morphology. His contributions on the subject are notable for their clarity and originality of thought, and the appearance of a volume, embodying his ideas in comprehensive form, is sure of a hearty welcome. In its preparation, Mr. Snodgrass has incorporated the results of much first-hand study with those of many recent investigators in the same field. He has produced an outstanding book wherein knowledge of facts is combined with that of function and, at the same time, theoretical conceptions of the origins and relationships of organs and parts are not overlooked. Principles of Insect Morphology
 By R. E. Snodgrass. (McGraw-Hill Publications in the Zoological Sciences.) Pp. ix + 667. (New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1935.) 36s. net.

Principles of Insect Morphology

Illustrated keys to adults reflecting the current higher classification are provided for families of Cicadomorpha (cicadas, spittlebugs, leafhoppers, and treehoppers) and for subfamilies and tribes of Cicadellidae (leafhoppers), excluding Deltocephalinae. The following families (and superfamilies) are recognized: Cicadidae and Tettigarctidae (Cicadoidea); Aphrophoridae, Cercopidae, Clastopteridae, Epipygidae, and Machaerotidae (Cercopoidea); Aetalionidae, Cicadellidae, Melizoderidae, Membracidae, Myerslopiidae (Membracoidea). The higher classification of Cicadellidae is currently undergoing revision, but a provisional key to subfamilies and tribes (except Deltocephalinae) is provided. Two new synonymies are proposed: Signoretiinae Baker, 1915 equals Phlogisinae Linnavuori, 1979, new synonym; Iassini Walker, 1870, equals Hyalojassini Evans, 1972, new synonym.

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Keys to the families of cicadomorpha and subfamilies and tribes of cicadellidae (hemiptera: auchenorrhyncha)

This beautifully illustrated 2007 volume describes the entire flora and fauna of the famous Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil - one of the world's most important fossil deposits, exhibiting exceptional preservation A wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates are covered, including extended sections on pterosaurs and insects Two chapters are devoted to plants Many of the chapters include descriptions of new species and re-descriptions and appraisals of taxa published in obscure places, rendering them available to a wider audience Fossil descriptions are supported by detailed explanations of the geological history of the deposit and its tectonic setting Drawing on expertise from around the world and specimens from the most important museum collections, this book forms an essential reference for researchers and enthusiasts with an interest in Mesozoic fossils

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The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in landscape pattern on generalist and specialist insects. We did this by comparing the species richness and abundance of generalist and specialist herbivorous insects in alfalfa (Medicago sativa, L.) fields on 26 agricultural landscapes that differed in spatial structure. The insects were from the families Curculionidae (Coleoptera), weevils, and Cicadellidae (Auchennorhyncha), leafhoppers. We hypothesized that: (1) generalist richness and abundance would be highest in landscapes with high diversity (Shannon-Wiener); (2) specialist richness and abundance would be highest in landscapes with (i) high percent cover alfalfa and (ii) low mean inter-patch distance. We tested for these effects after con- trolling for the patch-level effects of field size, field age, frequency of disturbance and vegetation texture. The important findings of the study are: (1) generalist richness and abundance increased with increas- ing landscape diversity and (2) isolation (percent cover alfalfa in the landscape and/or mean inter-patch distance) does not affect specialist insects. These results are significant because they indicate that both generalist and specialist insects may move over much larger distances than previously thought. This is one of the first studies to demonstrate a large scale effect of spatial structure on insects across a broad range of landscapes.

Response of generalist and specialist insect herbivores to landscape spatial structure

The history of cicada family classification is reviewed and the current status of all previously proposed families and subfamilies summarized. All tribal rankings associated with the Australian fauna are similarly documented. A cladistic analysis of generic relationships has been used to test the validity of currently held views on family and subfamily groupings. The analysis has been based upon an exhaustive study of nymphal and adult morphology, including both external and internal adult structures, and the first comparative study of male and female internal reproductive systems is included. Only two families are justified, the Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae. The latter are here considered to comprise three subfamilies, the Cicadinae, Cicadettinae n.stat. (= Tibicininae auct.) and the Tettigadinae (encompassing the Tibicinini, Platypediidae and Tettigadidae). Of particular note is the transfer of Tibicina Amyot, the type genus of the subfamily Tibicininae, to the subfamily Tettigadinae. The subfamily Plautillinae (containing only the genus Plautilla) is now placed at tribal rank within the Cicadinae. The subtribe Ydiellaria is raised to tribal rank. The American genus Magicicada Davis, previously of the tribe Tibicinini, now falls within the Taphurini. Three new tribes are recognized within the Australian fauna, the Tamasini n.tribe to accommodate Tamasa Distant and Parnkalla Distant, Jassopsaltriini n.tribe to accommodate Jassopsaltria Ashton and Burbungini n.tribe to accommodate Burbunga Distant. Additional tribal changes occur within the Australian fauna: Anapsaltoda Ashton, Arenopsaltria Ashton, Henicopsaltria Stal, Neopsaltoda Distant and Psaltoda Stal are transferred from Cyclochilini to Cryptotympanini leaving Cyclochilini monotypic; Chrysocicada Boulard is transferred from Parnisini to Taphurini; Diemeniana Distant, Gudanga Distant and Quintilia infans (Walker) (representing a new genus) from Parnisini to Cicadettini; and Marteena Moulds and Abricta borealis (Goding & Froggatt) (the latter also representing a new genus) from Taphurini to Cicadettini. A new subtribe is proposed in the tribe Taphurini, Tryellina n.subtribe. Diagnostic descriptions are provided for all families, subfamilies, tribes and subtribes treated in this work. Keys to families and subfamilies are presented together with a key to the tribes of Australian Cicadoidea. Terminologies for external and internal morphology of the Cicadoidea are summarized in 30 detailed figures. New structures and features of significant taxonomic importance are identified and named. A stridulatory mechanism found in the Australian genus Cyclochila is described for the first time.

An appraisal of the higher classification of cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with special reference to the Australian fauna

The structure of the sclerous parts of representative Rhynchota is analyzed and compared with those of Psocoptera and Thysanoptera. Known data on embryology and musculature are also considered in deriving homologies of the structures. The term "suture" is redefined. Standardized terms for the sclerous parts of the head capsules of Rhynchota are recommended and compared with those of previous authors. A phylogenetic synthesis is presented, demonstrating the evolution of the homopterous head capsule through intermediate stages represented in the modern fauna by Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera–Gymnocerata. Evidence is presented that Coleorrhyncha are related to Hemiptera rather than to Homoptera, that the Gymnocerata and Cryptocerata are natural groups within the Hemiptera and that Cicadomorpha, Aphidomorpha, and Fulgoromorpha are natural groups within the Homoptera.

Morphology and evolution of the rhynchotan head (insecta: hemiptera, homoptera)

Fourteen new records of introduced leafhoppers are added to the 157 leafhoppers previously recorded as occurring in both the Old and New worlds. Of these, 62 were erroneously recorded previously although 12 of the European species subsequently have been found in North America. Two North American species have been introduced into Europe, and one European species has been found in South America; North America has received 61 species from Europe, 3 from Asia, and 1 from Africa. One pan-tropical species is probably a recent introduction into the Caribbean from the Old World. There are 30 transboreal leafhoppers, 5 transarctic species inhabiting the tundra and alpine meadows, and 9 inhabiting temperate regions of both Eurasia and North America.The Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) is removed from synonymy with the transboreal sedge-feeding M. fascifrons (Stal) and 25 other confused species are distinguished in the genera Aphrodes, Euscelis, Evacanthus, Limotettix, Macrosteles, and Typhlocyba. These include 11 new species: Evacanthus bellaustralis, E. chlamidatus, E. grandipes, E. lacunar, E. nigramericanus, E. ustanucha, Macrosteles lagus, M. severini, M. tesselatus, M. vilbastei, and Typhlocyba frigida, all from North America, Balclutha punctata confluens Rey and Limotettix striola ferganensis Dubovsky are elevated to species status. One new generic synonymy, 23 new specific synonymies, and 3 new combinations are created.

Introduced and native leafhoppers common to the old and new worlds (rhynchota: homoptera: cicadellidae)

The classification of the Aphrodinae is reviewed. The subfamily is redefined to include the Deltocephalinae (“Euscelidae”) and Hecalinae, and nine tribes are recognized: Eupelecini, Paradorydiini, Stirellini, Paraboloponini, Aphrodini, Krisnini, Selenocephalini, Hecalini, and Deltocephalini. The tribe Aphrodini is divided into six subtribes: Doraturina, Achaeticina, Anoterostemmina, Neobalina, Aphrodina, and Xestocephalina. The tribe Deltocephalini is divided into six subtribes: Deltocephalina, Athysanina, Cicadulina, Macrostelina, Platymetopiina, and Cochlorhinina. Keys are provided to the tribes and subtribes, and the Holarctic taxa are defined, with their Holarctic genera listed under each.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0008347X00033046

Review of the tribal classification of the leafhopper subfamily aphrodinae (deltocephalinae of authors) of the holarctic region (rhynchota: homoptera: cicadellidae)

Leafhoppers (Cicadellidae): a Bibliography, Generic Check-list and Index to the World Literature 1956–1985

The generic classification of the Macropsini is reviewed, and five new genera and four new subgenera are erected: Macropsella n. gen., Macropsis (Neomacropsis) n. subgen, M. (Parapediopsis) n. subgen., Pedionis n. gen., P. (Thyia) n. subgen., Pediopsoides (Celopsis) n. subgen.; Reticopsis n. gen., Toropsis n. gen., and Varicopsella n. gen.. The following genus-group names are considered to be subgenera: Macropsidius Ribaut as a subgenus of Macropsis Lewis; Nanopsis Freytag, Kiamoncopsis Linnavuori and Sispocnis Anufriev as subgenera of Pediopsoides Matsumura; Parasitades Singh-Pruthi as a subgenus of Oncopsis Burmeister. Asmaropsis Linnavuori is synonymized with Hephathus Ribaut, Tsavopsis Linnavuori is synonymized with Macropsis (s.s.) Lewis, and Zinneca Amyot & Serville is synonymized with Oncopsis Burm. (s.s.).Three hundred and seventy-three macropsine species (including 59 unnamed species) are placed generically, with 73 new combinations. Twelve new species are described: Macropsella complicata (New Guinea), Macropsis citronella (Australia), M. gagnei (New Guinea), M. gressitti (New Guinea), Oncopsis enopis (Nepal), O. nepalensis (Nepal), O. tortosa (Nepal), Pedionis astrala (Philippines), P. contrasta (Hong Kong), P. venosa (Japan), Pediopsis femorata (Formosa), Varicopsella obtusa (Borneo). An index is provided to the 436 available names in the Macropsini, including four unplaced species from the Ethiopian region and 21 from the Australian region.Macropsine types in the B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, the British Museum (Natural History), London, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, and the U.S. National Museum, Washington are illustrated and lectotypes are designated for Kirkaldy and Matsumura species. A neotype in the Canadian National Collection is designated for Zinneca flavidorsum Amyot & Serville.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0008347X00015480

K. G. A. Hamilton

Papers

Morphology and evolution of the rhynchotan head (insecta: hemiptera, homoptera)

Introduced and native leafhoppers common to the old and new worlds (rhynchota: homoptera: cicadellidae)

Review of the tribal classification of the leafhopper subfamily aphrodinae (deltocephalinae of authors) of the holarctic region (rhynchota: homoptera: cicadellidae)

Leafhoppers (Cicadellidae): a Bibliography, Generic Check-list and Index to the World Literature 1956–1985

Contributions to the study of the world Macropsini (Rhynchota: Homoptera: Cicadellidae).