As a carbon-based life form living in a predominantly carbon-based environment, it is not surprising that we have created a carbon-based consumer society. Our principle sources of energy are carbon-based (coal, oil, and gas) and many of our consumer goods are derived from organic (i.e., carbon-based) chemicals (including plastics, fabrics and materials, personal care and cleaning products, dyes, and coatings). Even our large-volume inorganic-chemicals-based industries, including fertilizers and construction materials, rely on the consumption of carbon, notably in the form of large amounts of energy. The environmental problems which we now face and of which we are becoming increasingly aware result from a human-induced disturbance in the natural carbon cycle of the Earth caused by transferring large quantities of terrestrial carbon (coal, oil, and gas) to the atmosphere, mostly in the form of carbon dioxide. Carbon is by no means the only element whose natural cycle we have disturbed: we are transferring significant quantities of elements including phosphorus, sulfur, copper, and platinum from natural sinks or ores built up over millions of years to unnatural fates in the form of what we refer to as waste or pollution. However, our complete dependence on the carbon cycle means that its disturbance deserves special attention, as is now manifest in indicators such as climate change and escalating public concern over global warming. As with all disturbances in materials balances, we can seek to alleviate the problem by (1) dematerialization: a reduction in consumption; (2) rematerialization: a change in what we consume; or (3) transmaterialization: changing our attitude towards resources and waste. The "low-carbon" mantra that is popularly cited by organizations ranging from nongovernmental organizations to multinational companies and from local authorities to national governments is based on a combination of (1) and (2) (reducing carbon consumption though greater efficiency and lower per capita consumption, and replacing fossil energy sources with sources such as wind, wave, and solar, respectively). "Low carbon" is of inherently less value to the chemical and plastics industries at least in terms of raw materials although a version of (2), the use of biomass, does apply, especially if we use carbon sources that are renewable on a human timescale. There is however, another renewable, natural source of carbon that is widely available and for which greater utilization would help restore material balance and the natural cycle for carbon in terms of resource and waste. CO(2), perhaps the most widely discussed and feared chemical in modern society, is as fundamental to our survival as water, and like water we need to better understand the human as well as natural production and consumption of CO(2) so that we can attempt to get these into a sustainable balance. Current utilization of this valuable resource by the chemical industry is only 90 megatonne per year, compared to the 26.3 gigatonne CO(2) generated annually by combustion of fossil fuels for energy generation, as such significant opportunities exist for increased utilization of CO(2) generated from industrial processes. It is also essential that renewable energy is used if CO(2) is to be utilized as a C1 building block.

Generation, capture, and utilization of industrial carbon dioxide

The investigation focussed on the use of carbohydrase enzymes to enhance oil extraction during pressing in a laboratory expeller. Enzyme-treated seeds at 6% moisture were pressed in the expeller set at full-press conditions. Control seeds were pressed at wider choke openings but at the same barrel pressures as enzyme-treated samples. Time of pressing and temperature and pressure inside the expeller barrel were used to calculate throughput and energy requirements per unit weight of processed material. Treatment with enzymes improved throughput of the expeller, increased oil flow rate and oil recovery. Material throughput was increased by 30–50%, depending on canola variety. The recovery of the oil was increased from 72% of the seed oil for control samples, to 90–93% for enzyme-treated samples. The average residual oil content in presscakes from enzyme-treated seeds was 7.4%. The oil quality was inferior to cold-pressed control but was much better than has been reported for solvent-extracted oil.

Enzyme-aidedvs. two-stage processing of canola: Technology, product quality and cost evaluation

Die analytischen Bedingungen fur die Bestimmung des Co und Ni in einigen Biomaterialien und ihrer Lipidfraktion werden beschrieben. Die Storung durch Vanadium bei der adsorptions-voltammetrischen Bestimmung der beiden Elemente konnen durch geeignete Durchfuhrung des Aufschlusses vermieden werden. In allen Proben finden sich 1,3–4,5% des Gesamt-Nickels und 2,5–15,7% des Gesamt-Cobalts in der Lipidfraktion. Von einigen anderen bestimmten Schwermetallen (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn) konnten nur Pb, Cd und Mn in der Lipidfraktion festgestellt werden.

Voltammetrische Bestimmung des Co, Ni und anderer Schwermetalle in einigen Biomatrices (vorwiegend Hülsenfrüchten) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Lipidfraktion

Release of copper from embedded solid copper bullets into muscle and fat tissues of fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) and effect of copper content on oxidative stability of heat-processed meat.

Supercritical CO2 as an Environmentally Benign Medium for Biorefinery

Zur photometrischen Simultanbestimmung von Eisen-, Kupfer- und Nickelgehalten in Pflanzenolen wird ein modifiziertes Karvanek-Verfahren vorgeschlagen und angewendet.



Die photometrische Bestimmung des durch Salzsaure extrahierbaren Eisen-, Kupfer- und Nickelgehaltes in rohen und raffinierten Raps- und Sonnenblumenolen hat ergeben, das die untersuchten Rohole 0,22 bis 10,1 ppm Eisen und 0,06 bis 0,62 ppm Kupfer enthalten, wahrend bei den Raffinaten nur noch 0,06 bis 0,32 ppm Eisen und 0,01 bis 0,04 ppm Kupfer gefunden werden.



Die Untersuchungen an Olen unterschiedlichen Raffinationsgrades zeigen, das bei der Entschleimung, der Entsauerung und der Bleichung der Metallgehalt reduziert wird (insgesamt etwa um 75%), wobei hauptsachlich die ionogen gebundenen Metalle beseitigt werden.

Studien über das Verhalten von Fettinhaltsstoffen bei der Raffination. 1. Mitt. Über den Gehalt an prooxydativen Schwermetallen in Raps‐ und Sonnenblumenölen unterschiedlichen Raffinationsgrades

K.‐H. Rossow

Papers

Studien über das Verhalten von Fettinhaltsstoffen bei der Raffination. 1. Mitt. Über den Gehalt an prooxydativen Schwermetallen in Raps‐ und Sonnenblumenölen unterschiedlichen Raffinationsgrades