Localization of a wireless device using the time-of-arrivals (TOAs) from different base stations has been studied extensively in the literature. Numerous localization algorithms with different accuracies, computational complexities, a-priori knowledge requirements, and different levels of robustness against non-line-of-sight (NLOS) bias effects also have been reported. However, to our best knowledge, a detailed unified survey of different localization and NLOS mitigation algorithms is not available in the literature. This paper aims to give a comprehensive review of these different TOA-based localization algorithms and their technical challenges, and to point out possible future research directions. Firstly, fundamental lower bounds and some practical estimators that achieve close to these bounds are summarized for line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios. Then, after giving the fundamental lower bounds for NLOS systems, different NLOS mitigation techniques are classified and summarized. Simulation results are also provided in order to compare the performance of various techniques. Finally, a table that summarizes the key characteristics of the investigated techniques is provided to conclude the paper.

A Survey on TOA Based Wireless Localization and NLOS Mitigation Techniques

https://www.hse.ru/data/2011/09/14/1266804112/Jahangirian%20et%20al..pdf

Simulation in manufacturing and business: A review

Sensor networks can benefit greatly from location-awareness, since it allows information gathered by the sensors to be tied to their physical locations. Ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) transmission is a promising technology for location-aware sensor networks, due to its power efficiency, fine delay resolution, and robust operation in harsh environments. However, the presence of walls and other obstacles presents a significant challenge in terms of localization, as they can result in positively biased distance estimates. We have performed an extensive indoor measurement campaign with FCC-compliant UWB radios to quantify the effect of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation. From these channel pulse responses, we extract features that are representative of the propagation conditions. We then develop classification and regression algorithms based on machine learning techniques, which are capable of: (i) assessing whether a signal was transmitted in LOS or NLOS conditions; and (ii) reducing ranging error caused by NLOS conditions. We evaluate the resulting performance through Monte Carlo simulations and compare with existing techniques. In contrast to common probabilistic approaches that require statistical models of the features, the proposed optimization-based approach is more robust against modeling errors.

/pdf/nlos-identification-and-mitigation-for-localization-based-on-2yysnz70nz.pdf

NLOS identification and mitigation for localization based on UWB experimental data

This newly revised and greatly expanded edition of the popular Artech House book Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems offers you a current and comprehensive understanding of satellite navigation, inertial navigation, terrestrial radio navigation, dead reckoning, and environmental feature matching . It provides both an introduction to navigation systems and an in-depth treatment of INS/GNSS and multisensor integration. The second edition offers a wealth of added and updated material, including a brand new chapter on the principles of radio positioning and a chapter devoted to important applications in the field. Other updates include expanded treatments of map matching, image-based navigation, attitude determination, acoustic positioning, pedestrian navigation, advanced GNSS techniques, and several terrestrial and short-range radio positioning technologies. The book shows you how satellite, inertial, and other navigation technologies work, and focuses on processing chains and error sources. In addition, you get a clear introduction to coordinate frames, multi-frame kinematics, Earth models, gravity, Kalman filtering, and nonlinear filtering. Providing solutions to common integration problems, the book describes and compares different integration architectures, and explains how to model different error sources. You get a broad and penetrating overview of current technology and are brought up to speed with the latest developments in the field, including context-dependent and cooperative positioning. DVD Included: Features eleven appendices, interactive worked examples, basic GNSS and INS MATLAB simulation software, and problems and exercises to help you master the material.

Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems, Second Edition

This article surveys the literature over the period of the last decade on the emerging field of self organisation as applied to wireless cellular communication networks. Self organisation has been extensively studied and applied in adhoc networks, wireless sensor networks and autonomic computer networks; however in the context of wireless cellular networks, this is the first attempt to put in perspective the various efforts in form of a tutorial/survey. We provide a comprehensive survey of the existing literature, projects and standards in self organising cellular networks. Additionally, we also aim to present a clear understanding of this active research area, identifying a clear taxonomy and guidelines for design of self organising mechanisms. We compare strength and weakness of existing solutions and highlight the key research areas for further development. This paper serves as a guide and a starting point for anyone willing to delve into research on self organisation in wireless cellular communication networks.

A Survey of Self Organisation in Future Cellular Networks

Non Line of Sight (NLOS) channels are one of the major drawbacks for accurate ranging and localization with Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology. Whereas several proposals exist to detect these situations, a comprehensive overview, investigation and testing of these methods has to the authors' knowledge not yet been prepared. This paper tries to fill this gap with a classification of the algorithms proposed of the UWB and mobile phone community. In addition, one novel method based on the signal power variation is suggested. Afterwards, the methods are evaluated regarding their practicability for real UWB localization systems, which excludes some of them from further investigation. For the remaining algorithms thresholds are proposed, which are strived to be as independent of the system and environment as possible. Finally, the NLOS detection algorithms are tested and compared with both an UWB simulation environment and an UWB localization test bed.

NLOS detection algorithms for Ultra-Wideband localization

This paper actualizes the classification of location management methods published up to now and presents results of a related extensive performance comparison of the most important paradigms for location management in cellular networks. First, a universal structure of a performance analysis framework for location management methods is defined and analyzed. Then, both a user mobility model and a specific simulation environment claiming to be as realistic as possible are suggested and implemented. Finally, the simulation framework obtained is used for a systematic comparative performance analysis of a representative sample of the most important location management schemes. The overall conclusion is that a location-area based location management method designed around a profile or history-based direction information offers the absolute best performance, in terms of location management cost, compared to all other alternative approaches. The key difference from previous works in literature is clearly underlined concerning both mobility modeling and novel location management schemes.

/pdf/location-management-in-cellular-networks-classification-of-3b4eye2oir.pdf

Location management in cellular networks: classification of the most important paradigms, realistic Simulation framework, and relative performance analysis

Alarm handling and especially alarm correlation tools are necessary to manage large telecommunication networks. In this paper we describe our neural network based alarm correlation system, which uses a Cascade Correlation neural network to correlate alarms in a GSM network. The results of our approach called Cascade Correlation Alarm Correlator (CCAC) are shown. The behaviour in the case of noisy data is discussed and compared in detail to a codebook approach. Furthermore we contrast the neural network approach to another solution developed by our group which uses model-based diagnosis.

https://www.ikt.uni-hannover.de/uploads/tx_tkpublikationen/WTJ1997.pdf

Using Neural Networks for Alarm Correlation in Cellular Phone Networks

Effective evaluation of positioning methods in order to give fair results when comparing different positioning technologies requires performance measurements applicable to all the positioning technologies for mobile positioning. In this paper, we outline and compare five major performance measures namely, accuracy, reliability, availability, latency, and applicability, and how they apply to positioning technologies.

/pdf/mobile-positioning-technologies-in-cellular-networks-an-fzops6wcp2.pdf

Mobile positioning technologies in cellular networks: an evaluation of their performance metrics

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks consisting of a collection of untethered nodes with no fixed infrastructure. An important design criterion for routing protocols in ad hoc networks is power consumption reduction. We describe an energy-efficient mechanism that can be used by a generic MANET routing protocol to prevent nodes from a sharp drop of battery power. We apply the mechanism to the dynamic source routing (DSR) and propose a novel DSR-based energy-efficient routing algorithm referred to as the energy-dependent DSR (EEDSR). We compare the EDDSR algorithm with two of the most recent proposals in this area: the least-energy aware routing (LEAR) and the minimum drain-rate (MDR) mechanism. We show that EEDSR is the best approach to reduce and balance power consumption in a wide spectrum of scenarios.

K. Jobmann

Papers

NLOS detection algorithms for Ultra-Wideband localization

Location management in cellular networks: classification of the most important paradigms, realistic Simulation framework, and relative performance analysis

Using Neural Networks for Alarm Correlation in Cellular Phone Networks

Mobile positioning technologies in cellular networks: an evaluation of their performance metrics

A novel DSR-based energy-efficient routing algorithm for mobile ad-hoc networks