There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

VERY few veterinary surgeons have thought fit to write a book on diseases of poultry. Mr. Ernest Gray has done justice to the subject and is to be congratulated on his effort. A book of this size, written by one with specialized knowledge, will add to the value of any library or private bookshelf. Diseases of Poultry Their Aetiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control; with a Section on the Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Fowl. By Ernest Gray. (Lockwood's Agricultural and Horticultural Handbooks.) Pp. x + 198 + 16 plates. (London: Crosby Lockwood and Son, Ltd., 1940.) 9s. 6d. net.

Diseases of Poultry

The growth of aquaculture as an industry has accelerated over the past decades; this has resulted in environmental damages and low productivity of various crops. The need for increased disease resistance, growth of aquatic organisms, and feed efficiency has brought about the use of probiotics in aquaculture practices. The first application of probiotics occurred in 1986, to test their ability to increase growth of hydrobionts (organisms that live in water). Later, probiotics were used to improve water quality and control of bacterial infections. Nowadays, there is documented evidence that probiotics can improve the digestibility of nutrients, increase tolerance to stress, and encourage reproduction. Currently, there are commercial probiotic products prepared from various bacterial species such as Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., Carnobacterium sp., and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae among others, and their use is regulated by careful management recommendations. The present paper shows the current knowledge of the use of probiotics in aquaculture, its antecedents, and safety measures to be carried out and discusses the prospects for study in this field.

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Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture

Beneficial roles of feed additives as immunostimulants in aquaculture: a review

Probiotics and prebiotics associated with aquaculture: A review.

Eight hundred and eighty-¢ve strains of bacterial isolates from various samples associated with the natural habitat of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were screened for their probiotic potential. Two putative probionts namely Bacillus NL110 and Vibrio NE17 isolated from the larvae and egg samples, respectively, were selected for experimental studies and were introduced to the juveniles of M. rosenbergii (0.080 � 0.001g) through diierent modes such as through feed, water and both. The probiotic potential of the above bacteria in terms of improvements in water quality, growth, survival, speci¢c growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio and immune parameters was evaluated. The treatment groups showed a signi¢cant improvement in SGR and weight gain (Po0.001). Survival among diierent treatment groups was better than that in the control group. There were also signi¢cant improvements in the water quality parameters such as the concentration of nitrate and ammonia in the treatment groups (Po0.05). Improvements in immune parameters such as the total haemocyte count (Po0.05), phenoloxidase activity and respiratory burst were also signi¢cant (Po0.001). It is concluded that screening of the natural micro£ora of cultured ¢sh and shell¢sh for putative probionts might yield probiotic strains of bacteria that could be utilized for an environment-friendly and organic mode of aquaculture.

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Probiotic effect of Bacillus NL110 and Vibrio NE17 on the survival, growth performance and immune response of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

https://web.iitd.ac.in/~arunku/files/CEL899_Y13/Risk%20assessment%20of%20heterotrophic%20bacteria%20from%20bottled%20drinking%20water%20sold%20in%20Indian%20markets.pdf

Risk assessment of heterotrophic bacteria from bottled drinking water sold in Indian markets

Isolation and characterization of heterotrophic Gram-negative bacteria was carried out from the sediment and water samples collected from Kongsfjord, Arctic. In this study, the potential of Arctic ...

Heavy-metal resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from Kongsfjord, Arctic.

Prevalence of indicators of faecal pollution such as faecal coliform and faecal streptococci were studied at the Cochin estuary. There was consistently high load of faecal indicator bacteria at all stations. Serotyping of E. coli revealed the presence of diarrhegenic serotypes of E. coli such as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). The diversity of E. coli serotypes was particularly high as we were able to detect more than 40 serotypes. The E. coli serotypes also showed spatial and temporal variation. Characterisation of faecal streptococci revealed predominance of Streptococcus faecalis subspecies liquefaciens followed by enterococcus group and Streptococcus bovis. Seasonal variation in the prevalence levels of these organisms showed a higher load of the indicator organisms during the monsoon season, especially that of faecal streptococci indicating a higher land run-off during this period. The results of the present investigations reveal the high degree of faecal pollution in the Cochin estuary posing health hazard to those who use this system for fishing and recreation.

/pdf/prevalence-of-diarrhegenic-serotypes-of-escherichia-coli-in-4r8pknuaeq.pdf

Prevalence of diarrhegenic serotypes of Escherichia coli in the Cochin estuary, along west coast of India

Objectives: In India egg is being promoted as complete food by the National Egg Co-cordination Committee (NECC) and being included in the free mid-day meal provided to school student s in rural areas. The objective of the present study is to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella on the shell and in the contents of eggs of commercial samples from the retail outlets of Kottayam, South India. Materials and Methods: Six hundred samples of eggs (150 each from commercial layer hens, non-commercial layer hens, duck and Japanese quail) were analysed for the prevalence of Salmonella as per United States Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological analytical manual and the confirmed and serotyped strains were analysed for antibiotic resistance by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Five different serotypes such as S.weltevreden, S.worthington, S.dublin, S.bareilly and S.typhimurium were encountered in the eggs of commercial layer hens, while backyard raised layen hen eggs had only S.bareilly and S.dublin. Japanese quail eggs showed prevalence of S.worthington, S.typhimurium and S.bareilly. S.enteritidis was encountered only in the duck eggs where the only other serotype was S.infantis. Conclusion: S.enteritidis prevalence was relatively less when compared to reports from other countries. More than 50% of duck eggs had Salmonella contamination in the contents which pose threat to unwary consumers. Resistance to tetracycline, oxytetracycline and nalidixic acid were relatively high among Salmonella isolates from eggs of commercial layer hens. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 1(3):93-100

/pdf/prevalence-and-antibiotic-resistance-of-salmonella-from-the-3saau75sc9.pdf

K. M. Mujeeb Rahiman

Papers

Probiotic effect of Bacillus NL110 and Vibrio NE17 on the survival, growth performance and immune response of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Risk assessment of heterotrophic bacteria from bottled drinking water sold in Indian markets

Heavy-metal resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from Kongsfjord, Arctic.

Prevalence of diarrhegenic serotypes of Escherichia coli in the Cochin estuary, along west coast of India

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella from the eggs of commercial samples