Renewable energy, such as hydro power, photovoltaics and wind turbines, has become the most widely applied solutions for addressing issues associated with oil depletion, increasing energy demand and anthropogenic global warming. Solar and wind energy are strongly dependent on weather resources with intermittent and fluctuating features. To filter these variabilities, battery energy storage systems have been broadly accepted as one of the potential solutions, with advantages such as fast response capability, sustained power delivery, and geographical independence. During the implementation of battery energy storage systems, one of the most crucial issues is to optimally determine the size of the battery for balancing the trade-off between the technical improvements brought by the battery and the additional overall cost. Numerous studies have been performed to optimise battery sizing for different renewable energy systems using a range of criteria and methods. This paper provides a comprehensive review of battery sizing criteria, methods and its applications in various renewable energy systems. The applications for storage systems have been categorised based on the specific renewable energy system that the battery storage will be a part. This is in contrast to previous studies where the battery sizing approaches were either arranged as an optimised component in renewable systems or only accounted for one category of renewable system. By taking this approach, it becomes clear that the critical metrics for battery sizing, and by extension the most suitable method for determining battery size, are determined by the type of renewable energy system application, as well as its size. This has important implications for the design process as the renewable energy system application will drive the battery energy storage system sizing methodology chosen.

Battery energy storage system size determination in renewable energy systems: A review

World energy consumption is rising due to population growth and increasing industrialization. Traditional energy resources cannot meet these requirements with notice to their challenges, e.g., greenhouse gas emission and high lifecycle costs. Renewable energy resources are the appropriate alternatives for traditional resources to meet the increasing energy consumption, especially in electricity sector. Integration of renewable energy resources with traditional fossil-based resources besides storages creates Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs). To access minimum investment and operation costs and also meet the technical and emission constraints, optimal size of HRES׳s equipment should be determined. One of the most powerful tools for this purpose is Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software that was developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), United States. This software has widely been used by many researchers around the world. In this paper a review of the state-of-the-art of researches, which use HOMER for optimal planning of HRES, is presented.

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Optimal planning of hybrid renewable energy systems using HOMER: A review

A review on recent size optimization methodologies for standalone solar and wind hybrid renewable energy system

Variability and intermittency are some of the main features that characterize renewable energy sources. Intermittency usually includes both predictable and unpredictable variations. The many drawbacks of intermittency of renewable sources can be overcome by considering some special design considerations. Integrating more than one renewable energy source and including backup sources and storage systems are among the few measures to overcome these drawbacks. These additional design considerations usually increase the overall cost of the renewable system. Furthermore, the presence of more than one energy supply/storage system requires the control of energy flow among the various sources. Therefore, optimizing the size of the components and adopting an energy management strategy (EMS) are essential to decreasing the cost of the system and limiting its negative effects. The energy management strategy is commonly integrated with optimization to ensure the continuity of load supply and to decrease the cost of energy production. Therefore, energy management is a term that collects all the systematic procedures to control and minimize the quantity and the cost of energy used to provide a certain application with its requirements. The energy management strategy usually depends on the type of energy system and its components. Various approaches and techniques have been used to develop a successful energy management strategy. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the approaches proposed and used by authors of many papers is conducted. These approaches include both the standalone hybrid renewable energy systems and the grid-connected hybrid renewable systems. More attention is focused on popularly used techniques to address the features of each system. The selected papers in this review cover the various configurations of the hybrid renewable energy systems for electric power generation only.

https://scholar.ptuk.edu.ps/bitstream/123456789/89/1/2.pdf

Energy management strategies in hybrid renewable energy systems: A review

Hydrogen technologies can play an important role in decarbonising our energy system in a variety of ways across the energy value chain. It is therefore critical to identify the strategic roles as well as the conditions under which hydrogen energy systems become attractive for the energy transition. In this paper, the authors present a techno-economic review of hydrogen energy systems including power-to-power, power-to-gas, hydrogen refuelling and stationary fuel cells. We focus on their optimal operation as flexible assets and we identify three actions that can foster their uptake beyond technological progress. First, we recommend optimal electricity supply with dedicated control strategies considering that electricity dominates the levelised cost of hydrogen production via electrolysis. Secondly, hydrogen can enable the further integration of traditionally independent sectors, namely electricity, heat and transport while contributing to decarbonise all. This position can also be advantageous for investors who sell heat and fuels as energy efficient products. Lastly, we examine a whole range of revenues from different products and applications which can be combined (i.e. benefit stacking) to match capital and operational expenditures. We discuss these roles in depth and we conclude that policy makers together with technology developers should elaborate smart strategies to reduce cost by scaling production, stimulate standardisation (e.g., similar to the PV industry) as well as develop new market structures and regulatory frameworks which allow hydrogen technologies to deliver multiple low carbon applications and products.

A review on the role, cost and value of hydrogen energy systems for deep decarbonisation

The world is witnessing a change-over from its present centralized generation to a future with greater share of distributed generation. Hybrid energy systems are inter-connected with wind power, photovoltaic power, fuel cell and micro-turbine generator to generate power to local load and connecting to grid/micro-grids that decrease the dependence on fossil fuels. The hybrid system is a better option for construction of modern electrical grids that includes economic, environmental and social benefits. An overview of different distributed generation technologies has been presented. This paper puts forward a comprehensive review of optimal sizing, energy management, operating and control strategies and integration of different renewable energy sources to constitute a hybrid system. The feasibility of the different controllers such as microcontroller, proportional integral controller, hysteresis controller and fuzzy controller are presented. The controller is a closed loop feedback mechanism used for power regulation which achieves zero steady state error and the output signal generated from the controller produces desired output response.

A review on hybrid renewable energy systems

Demand side management (DSM) is one of the most significant functions involved in the smart grid that provides an opportunity to the customers to carryout suitable decisions related to energy consumption, which assists the energy suppliers to decrease the peak load demand and to change the load profile. The existing demand side management strategies not only uses specific techniques and algorithms but it is restricted to small range of controllable loads. The proposed demand side management strategy uses load shifting technique to handle the large number of loads. Bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA) is implemented to solve the minimization problem. Simulations were performed on smart grid which consists of different type of loads in residential, commercial and industrial areas respectively. The simulation results evaluates that proposed strategy attaining substantial savings as well as it reduces the peak load demand of the smart grid.

Demand Side Management Using Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm

In this article, the design and analysis of wind/PV hybrid system which is grid connected has been presented. The wind and photovoltaic sources are integrated at the DC bus and its voltage is stepped up to desired value using DC–DC boost converter. The proportional integral controller has been used to control the output power produced from wind and photovoltaic resources to achieve desired output response. A variable speed control method is implemented for permanent magnet synchronous wind generator, which is capable of extracting maximum power even if it is operated at wind speed which is lower than the rated speed. The power produced from wind/PV hybrid system is supplied to the load and in the case of excess power generation it is supplied to the grid. The proposed hybrid system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink. The performance of the system is evaluated by not only considering the changes in wind speed and solar irradiance but also by load power variations. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid wind/PV system is a viable option for microgrid applications.

Design and Analysis of Grid Connected Wind/PV Hybrid System

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) are promising solutions to the problems faced by combustion engine-propelled automobiles. The futuristic transportation system would be majorly catered by battery EVs, hybrid EVs, and fuel cell EVs with a different combination of energy sources that could successfully meet the requirements of different categories of vehicle propulsion systems. However, to execute such vehicle systems with a high level of safety and comfort for the transportation of people and products, a few difficulties must be resolved. EVs of today face problems such as noise-vibration-harshness, energy storage difficulties, torque fluctuation/ripple in the power train, inadequate range, and some others. The present review paper comprehends major noise and vibration issues existing in EVs and attempts made by the researchers to find solutions to such problems. The major problem faced by the vehicle as well as by the passengers is vibration and discomfort. These vibrations if continued for a longer period might cause severe damages to the vehicle structure as well as to the passenger’s body. These issues must be thoroughly addressed by researchers to increase ride comfort, which is a crucial requirement of the hour as well. 

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A Review on Vibrations in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

The reliability assessment of generation system including photovoltaic energy has been described in this article. In general, the reliability analysis of power system can be done at three Hierarchical Levels, but here the reliability analysis of power system is performed at generation level. Therefore the reliability is accomplished at Hierarchical Level-I (HL-I). The intermittent nature of solar irradiance and failure rate of the components have been considered for the development of photovoltaic system. The annual solar data has been considered, in which the generation from the photovoltaic system is made into different states using Fuzzy C-Means clustering method. In addition, the Markov process has been implemented not only to obtain the probability of the photovoltaic model but also its frequency and duration for all the specified states. Finally, the Recursive Algorithm is used to evaluate the indices of the reliability for Roy Billinton Test System including photovoltaic unit.

K. Shivarama Krishna

Papers

A review on hybrid renewable energy systems

Demand Side Management Using Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm

Design and Analysis of Grid Connected Wind/PV Hybrid System

A Review on Vibrations in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Generation System Reliability Assessment Incorporating Photovoltaic Energy