Rapid and direct determination of wastewater BOD values using a fluorescence technique

Due to increase population, advanced agricultural practices, industrialization, manmade activity, water is being highly polluted with different contaminants Water is a vital resource for human survival The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life It is necessary to know details about different physico-chemical parameters such as colour, temperature, Total hardness, pH, sulphate, chloride, DO, BOD, COD, alkalinity used for testing of water

https://www.chemijournal.com/vol3Issue4/pdf/3-3-8.1.pdf

Physico-chemical parameters for testing of water- A review

Monitoring of water quality using fluorescence technique: prospect of on-line process control

An investigation was undertaken into the hioaccumulation of Cr, Cu and Fe in the gills, liver, muscle and skin of the fish Clarias gariepinus from two sites on the Olifants River in the Kruger National Park. During 1994, four surveys (February, May, July and November) were undertaken. Metal bioaccumulation was analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and was then applied to differentiate between the concentrations found at the two locations, and between all of the surveys, The greatest concentration of Cr was detected in the gills, suggesting that this was the prime site of absorption and loss of Cr to and from the aquatic environment. The concentrations of Cu and Fe were highest in the liver, which is a storage and detoxification organ for metal, followed by the gills. Mamba and Balule generally showed very little difference in the concentration of bioaccumulated metal. However, the gills as in the case of Cr generally showed high concentrations at Mamba, while the liver as in the case of Fe, showed consistently higher concentrations at Balule. The possible effects that temperature, pH, hardness and salinity have on the individual metals, as well as bioaccumulation of these metals, are discussed in detail. The continuous monitoring of the quality of water in the Olifants River is imperative for the future sustainability of the Kruger National Park.

Bioaccumulation of chromium, copper and iron in the organs and tissues of Clarias gariepinus in the Olifants River, Kruger National Park

Multivariate analysis of trace metals in textile effluents in relation to soil and groundwater.

Parameters of surface water quality and their interpretation introduction to microbiology - sewage fungus biology of surface waters quality of natural waters de-oxygenation, self-purification and re-aeration water and disease - survival of pathogenic organisms in sewage effluents - bacterial indicators of faecal pollution oil-pollution temperature effects and thermal pollution eutrophication acid precipitation and its effect on surface water storm sewage discharges and urban surface run-off legislation the operation of a surface water pollution control organization river quality modelling, A.E.Warn (Anglian Water Authority, Huntingdon).

Surface Water Pollution and Its Control

Micro-organisms are both the enemy and the servant of those involved in the control of surface water pollution as well as constituting the bottom of the food-chain existing in all water-courses on which, basically, depend all the higher aquatic life forms. Pathogenic—disease-producing—micro-organisms are the enemy in that the classical water-borne diseases of cholera, enteric fever and bacterial dysentery, together with many others, are not the least of the plagues of mankind and are of particular importance while so many people throughout the world depend on untreated surface waters for drinking, bathing and washing clothes. In contrast, a wide range of heterotrophic (and some autotrophic) saprophytes are employed for the stabilisation of waste organic matter which could otherwise create unacceptably high oxygen demands in receiving streams. The same micro-organisms are responsible for much of the natural processes of self-purification by which rivers are able to deal with limited additions of pollution.

Introduction to Microbiology

The great interest in water derives from its principal characteristic, that it is able to dissolve a very wide range of substances. If it were not for this ability we should not use it for drinking, for washing or for growing crops. For this reason pure water is a very rare commodity.

The Quality of Natural Waters

Just what the parameters of surface water pollution are depends very much on how water pollution may be defined. There are several different categories of water pollution, which include pollution by potentially pathogenic micro-organisms, oil pollution, the presence of excess suspended material, acid pollution, the presence of toxic salts of heavy metals and the presence of certain undesirable synthetic compounds of which synthetic detergents are a prime example. In addition there is the presence in surface waters of organic material which is readily biodegradable. Frequently this material is discharged to streams as sewage or as industrial wastewater and it is the resulting high demand for oxygen dissolved in the receiving stream which is commonly thought of as the usual and most important form of surface water pollution.

K. V. Ellis

Papers

Surface Water Pollution and Its Control

Introduction to Microbiology

The Quality of Natural Waters

Parameters of Surface Water Quality and their Interpretation