99mTc
: technetium-99m
201TI
: thallium 201
ABCB1
: ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1
ABI
: ankle-brachial index
ACC
: American College of Cardiology
ACCF
: American College of Cardiology Foundation
ACCOMPLISH
: Avoiding Cardiovascular Events Through Combination Therapy in Patients Living With Systolic Hypertension
ACE
: angiotensin converting enzyme
ACIP
: Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischaemia Pilot
ACS
: acute coronary syndrome
ADA
: American Diabetes Association
ADP
: adenosine diphosphate
AHA
: American Heart Association
ARB
: angiotensin II receptor antagonist
ART
: Arterial Revascularization Trial
ASCOT
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial
ASSERT
: Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation and Stroke Evaluation in pacemaker patients and the atrial fibrillation Reduction atrial pacing Trial
AV
: atrioventricular
BARI 2D
: Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes
BEAUTIFUL
: Morbidity-Mortality Evaluation of the If Inhibitor Ivabradine in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Left Ventricular Dysfunction
BIMA
: bilateral internal mammary artery
BMI
: body mass index
BMS
: bare metal stent
BNP
: B-type natriuretic peptide
BP
: blood pressure
b.p.m.
: beats per minute
CABG
: coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
: coronary artery disease
CAPRIE
: Clopidogrel vs. Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischaemic Events
CASS
: Coronary Artery Surgery Study
CCB
: calcium channel blocker
CCS
: Canadian Cardiovascular Society
CFR
: coronary flow reserve
CHARISMA
: Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischaemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance
CI
: confidence interval
CKD
: chronic kidney disease
CKD-EPI
: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration
CMR
: cardiac magnetic resonance
CORONARY
: The CABG Off or On Pump Revascularization Study
COURAGE
: Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation
COX-1
: cyclooxygenase-1
COX-2
: cyclooxygenase-2
CPG
: Committee for Practice Guidelines
CT
: computed tomography
CTA
: computed tomography angiography
CV
: cardiovascular
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
CXR
: chest X-ray
CYP2C19*2
: cytochrome P450 2C19
CYP3A
: cytochrome P3A
CYP3A4
: cytochrome P450 3A4
CYP450
: cytochrome P450
DANAMI
: Danish trial in Acute Myocardial Infarction
DAPT
: dual antiplatelet therapy
DBP
: diastolic blood pressure
DECOPI
: Desobstruction Coronaire en Post-Infarctus
DES
: drug-eluting stents
DHP
: dihydropyridine
DSE
: dobutamine stress echocardiography
EACTS
: European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery
EECP
: enhanced external counterpulsation
EMA
: European Medicines Agency
EASD
: European Association for the Study of Diabetes
ECG
: electrocardiogram
Echo
: echocardiogram
ED
: erectile dysfunction
EF
: ejection fraction
ESC
: European Society of Cardiology
EXCEL
: Evaluation of XIENCE PRIME or XIENCE V vs. Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery for Effectiveness of Left Main Revascularization
FAME
: Fractional Flow Reserve vs. Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation
FDA
: Food & Drug Administration (USA)
FFR
: fractional flow reserve
FREEDOM
: Design of the Future Revascularization Evaluation in patients with Diabetes mellitus: Optimal management of Multivessel disease
GFR
: glomerular filtration rate
HbA1c
: glycated haemoglobin
HDL
: high density lipoprotein
HDL-C
: high density lipoprotein cholesterol
HR
: hazard ratio
HRT
: hormone replacement therapy
hs-CRP
: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
HU
: Hounsfield units
ICA
: invasive coronary angiography
IMA
: internal mammary artery
IONA
: Impact Of Nicorandil in Angina
ISCHEMIA
: International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches
IVUS
: intravascular ultrasound
JSAP
: Japanese Stable Angina Pectoris
KATP
: ATP-sensitive potassium channels
LAD
: left anterior descending
LBBB
: left bundle branch block
LIMA
: Left internal mammary artery
LDL
: low density lipoprotein
LDL-C
: low density lipoprotein cholesterol
LM
: left main
LMS
: left main stem
LV
: left ventricular
LVEF
: left ventricular ejection fraction
LVH
: left ventricular hypertrophy
MACE
: major adverse cardiac events
MASS
: Medical, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study
MDRD
: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
MERLIN
: Metabolic Efficiency with Ranolazine for Less Ischaemia in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
MERLIN-TIMI 36
: Metabolic Efficiency with Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction
MET
: metabolic equivalents
MI
: myocardial infarction
MICRO-HOPE
: Microalbuminuria, cardiovascular and renal sub-study of the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation study
MPI
: myocardial perfusion imaging
MRI
: magnetic resonance imaging
NO
: nitric oxide
NSAIDs
: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
NSTE-ACS
: non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome
NYHA
: New York Heart Association
OAT
: Occluded Artery Trial
OCT
: optical coherence tomography
OMT
: optimal medical therapy
PAR-1
: protease activated receptor type 1
PCI
: percutaneous coronary intervention
PDE5
: phosphodiesterase type 5
PES
: paclitaxel-eluting stents
PET
: positron emission tomography
PRECOMBAT
: Premier of Randomized Comparison of Bypass Surgery vs. Angioplasty Using Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in Patients with Left Main Coronary Artery Disease
PTP
: pre-test probability
PUFA
: polyunsaturated fatty acid
PVD
: peripheral vascular disease
QoL
: quality of life
RBBB
: right bundle branch block
REACH
: Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health
RITA-2
: Second Randomized Intervention Treatment of Angina
ROOBY
: Veterans Affairs Randomized On/Off Bypass
SAPT
: single antiplatelet therapy
SBP
: systolic blood pressure
SCAD
: stable coronary artery disease
SCORE
: Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation
SCS
: spinal cord stimulation
SES
: sirolimus-eluting stents
SIMA
: single internal mammary artery
SPECT
: single photon emission computed tomography
STICH
: Surgical Treatment for Ischaemic Heart Failure
SWISSI II
: Swiss Interventional Study on Silent Ischaemia Type II
SYNTAX
: SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery
TC
: total cholesterol
TENS
: transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation
TERISA
: Type 2 Diabetes Evaluation of Ranolazine in Subjects With Chronic Stable Angina
TIME
: Trial of Invasive vs. Medical therapy
TIMI
: Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction
TMR
: transmyocardial laser revascularization
TOAT
: The Open Artery Trial
WOEST
: What is the Optimal antiplatElet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with oral anticoagulation and coronary StenTing

Guidelines summarize and evaluate all evidence available, at the time of the writing process, on a particular issue with the aim of assisting physicians in selecting the best management strategies for an individual patient with a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome, as well …

/pdf/2013-esc-guidelines-on-the-management-of-stable-coronary-2178xukyyy.pdf

2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology.

Exercise testing remains a remarkably durable and versatile tool that provides valuable diagnostic and prognostic information regarding patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Exercise testing has been available for more than a half century and, like many other cardiovascular procedures, has evolved in its technology and scope. When combined with exercise testing, adjunctive imaging modalities offer greater diagnostic accuracy, additional information regarding cardiac structure and function, and additional prognostic information. Similarly, the addition of ventilatory gas exchange measurements during exercise testing provides a wide array of unique and clinically useful incremental information that heretofore has been poorly understood and underutilized by the practicing clinician. The reasons for this are many and include the requirement for additional equipment (cardiopulmonary exercise testing [CPX] systems), personnel who are proficient in the administration and interpretation of these tests, limited or absence of training of cardiovascular specialists and limited training by pulmonary specialists in this technique, and the lack of understanding of the value of CPX by practicing clinicians.

Modern CPX systems allow for the analysis of gas exchange at rest, during exercise, and during recovery and yield breath-by-breath measures of oxygen uptake (Vo2), carbon dioxide output (Vco2), and ventilation (Ve). These advanced computerized systems provide both simple and complex analyses of these data that are easy to retrieve and store, which makes CPX available for widespread use. These data can be readily integrated with standard variables measured during exercise testing, including heart rate, blood pressure, work rate, electrocardiography findings, and symptoms, to provide a comprehensive assessment of exercise tolerance and exercise responses. CPX can even be performed with adjunctive imaging modalities for additional diagnostic assessment. Hence, CPX offers the clinician the ability to obtain a wealth of information beyond standard exercise electrocardiography testing that when appropriately applied and interpreted …

Clinician’s Guide to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Adults A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

A method of maintaining digital medical records, comprising a step of receiving a medical transaction record (102), encrypted with a key in accordance with a patient-file association. Also comprising a step of accessing the encrypted medical transaction record according to a patient association with the record (111). And further comprising a step of re-encryption of the encrypted accessed medical transaction record with a key associated with an intended recipient of the medical record. The system and method according to the present invention presents a new business model for creation, maintenance, transmission, and use of medical records. The invention also allows financial burdens to be reallocated optimally and equitably, resulting in decreased overall societal cost and providing a successful business model for a database proprietor. Secure entrusted medical records are held in trust by an independent third party on behalf of the patient (113), and serve the medical community at large. Separately encrypted record elements may be aggregated as an information polymer.

Information record infrastructure, system and method

A system and method for communicating information between a first party and a second party, comprising the steps of receiving, by an intermediary, an identifier of desired information and accounting information for a transaction involving the information from the first party, transmitting an identifier of the first party to the second party, and negotiating, by the intermediary, a comprehension function for obscuring at least a portion of the information communicated between the first party and the second party. The data transmission may be made secure with respect to the intermediary by providing an asymmetric key or direct key exchange for encryption of the communication between the first and second party. The data transmission may be made secure with respect to the second party by maintaining the information in encrypted format at the second party, with the decryption key held only by the intermediary, and transmitting a secure composite of the decryption key and a new encryption key to the second party for transcoding of the data record, and providing the new decryption key to the first party, so that the information transmitted to the first party can be comprehended by it.

System and method for secure three-party communications

An adaptive interface for a programmable system, for predicting a desired user function, based on user history, as well as machine internal status and context. The apparatus receives an input from the user and other data. A predicted input is presented for confirmation by the user, and the predictive mechanism is updated based on this feedback. Also provided is a pattern recognition system for a multimedia device, wherein a user input is matched to a video stream on a conceptual basis, allowing inexact programming of a multimedia device. The system analyzes a data stream for correspondence with a data pattern for processing and storage. The data stream is subjected to adaptive pattern recognition to extract features of interest to provide a highly compressed representation that may be efficiently processed to determine correspondence. Applications of the interface and system include a video cassette recorder (VCR), medical device, vehicle control system, audio device, environmental control system, securities trading terminal, and smart house. The system optionally includes an actuator for effecting the environment of operation, allowing closed-loop feedback operation and automated learning.

Adaptive pattern recognition based control system and method

An image processing apparatus. A camera inputs an image of a face of a person to be recognized. A recognition area detection section generates a difference image between the input image and a predetermined pattern, and detects a recognition area whose value is above a threshold from the input image. An input data generation section converts the recognition area to a predetermined input data. A similarity calculation section calculates a similarity by comparing the predetermined input data with a predetermined dictionary data. A view position of the camera is located lower than a position of the face of the person. A direction of the optical axis of the camera represents an angle of elevation from a horizontal direction.

Image processing apparatus and method

Significance of End-Tidal Pco2 Response to Exercise and Its Relation to Functional Capacity in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

Limited role of coronary angioplasty and stentingin coronary spastic angina with organic stenosis

Aim: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) reduces plasma glucose levels in obese db/db diabetic mice and is speculated to produce its effects via the hypothalamus, the regulatory centre of satiety and the autonomic nervous system. The potential effect of BDNF directly on peripheral endocrine organs, however, remains to be clarified. Here we report the effects of BDNF on hormonal secretion from pancreatic islets of Langerhans using their isolated culture.



Methods and results: In an immunohistochemical study, mouse pancreatic alpha cells were stained specifically with the anti-TrkB (a specific receptor for BDNF) antibody. After 7 days culture of isolated islets of the normal mouse pancreas, 10 ng/ml BDNF decreased the secretion of glucagon per 6 h significantly less than that of the control (p = 0.016). In contrast, there were no significant changes in insulin secretion or glucagon and insulin contents in the islets cultured under the same conditions. In vivo administration of BDNF (10 mg/kg/day) to normal mice for 7 days significantly decreased their food consumption (p < 0.05). The fasting plasma glucose levels were decreased on day 7 compared with day 1 more significantly in BDNF-treated mice (p = 0.043) than in pair-fed control mice (p = 0.14). In newborn BDNF-knockout mice, fasting plasma glucose levels increased in the order of homozygote, heterozygote and wild type (p = 0.033). No apparent immunohistochemical abnormality was observed for pancreatic glucagon in the BDNF-knockout mice.



Conclusion: These data suggest that BDNF affects glucose metabolism not only with its anorectic effect but also with modulated glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells.

Kaoru Suzuki

Papers

Image processing apparatus and method

Significance of End-Tidal Pco2 Response to Exercise and Its Relation to Functional Capacity in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

Limited role of coronary angioplasty and stentingin coronary spastic angina with organic stenosis

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells: its contribution to glucose metabolism.

Prolonged recovery of cardiac output after maximal exercise in patients with chronic heart failure