A sensor designed to determine the amount and concentration of analyte in a sample having a volume of less than about 1 μL. The sensor has a working electrode coated with a non-leachable redox mediator. The redox mediator acts as an electron transfer agent between the analyte and the electrode. In addition, a second electron transfer agent, such as an enzyme, can be added to facilitate the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the analyte. The redox mediator is typically a redox compound bound to a polymer. The preferred redox mediators are air-oxidizable. The amount of analyte can be determined by coulometry. One particular coulometric technique includes the measurement of the current between the working electrode and a counter or reference electrode at two or more times. The charge passed by this current to or from the analyte is correlated with the amount of analyte in the sample. Other electrochemical detection methods, such as amperometric, voltammetric, and potentiometric techniques, can also be used. The invention can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is provided as a second electron transfer agent.

Small volume in vitro analyte sensor

Spin crossover in iron(II)-complexes

Novel polymeric transition metal complexes of iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, and vanadium are described. The polymeric transition metal complexes can be electron transfer mediators in enzyme-based electrochemical sensors. In such instances, transition metal complexes accept electrons from, or transfer electrons to, enzymes at a high rate and also exchange electrons rapidly with the sensor.

Polymeric transition metal complexes and uses thereof

The spin-states and spin-transitions of mononuclear iron(II) complexes of nitrogen-donor ligands

Spin crossover active iron(II) complexes of selected pyrazole-pyridine/pyrazine ligands

Contrary to previous reports, the tris(2-(2-pyridyl)imidazole)iron(II) ((Fe((py)imH)/sub 3/)/sup 2 +/) and tris(2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole)iron(II) ((Fe((py)bimH)/sub 3/)/sup 2 +/) cations have been shown to be spin-equilibrium species in solution by variable-temperature magnetic and electronic spectral studies. Laser Raman temperature-jump kinetics has been used to directly measure the forward (k/sub 1/ = 1.1 x 10/sup 7/s/sup -1/) and reverse (k/sub -1/ = 1.0 x 10/sup 7/s/sup -1/) intersystem crossing rate constants for the dynamic spin-interconversion process in (Fe((py)imH)/sub 3/)/sup 2 +/. The results are compared to similar kinetic data available for other iron(II) spin-forbidden/conversion processes in bis(pyrazolylborate)iron(II) and (Fe(6-Mepy)/sub n/(py)/sub m/tren)/sup 2 +/. 2 tables, 3 figures, 36 references.

Karen A. Reeder

Papers

Solution-state spin-equilibrium properties of the tris[2-(2-pyridyl)imidazole]iron(II) and tris[2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole]iron(II) cations