Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

The Tragedy of Great Power Politics

Originally published more than fifty years ago, The Courage to Be has become a classic of twentieth-century religious and philosophical thought. The great Christian existentialist thinker Paul Tillich describes the dilemma of modern man and points a way to the conquest of the problem of anxiety. This edition includes a new introduction by Harvey Cox that situates the book within the theological conversation into which it first appeared and conveys its continued relevance in the current century. "The brilliance, the wealth of illustration, and the aptness of personal application ...make the reading of these chapters an exciting experience."--W. Norman Pittenger, New York Times Book Review "A lucid and arresting book."--Frances Witherspoon, New York Herald Tribune "Clear, uncluttered thinking and lucid writing mark Mr. Tillich's study as a distinguished and readable one."--American Scholar Selected as one of the Books of the Century by the New York Public Library

存在的勇气 = The courage to be

Since 1995, more than 150,000 students and researchers have turned to "The Craft of Research" for clear and helpful guidance on how to conduct research and report it effectively. Now, master teachers Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb and Joseph M. Williams present a completely revised and updated version of their classic handbook. Like its predecessor, this new edition reflects the way researchers actually work: in a complex circuit of thinking, writing, revising and rethinking. It shows how each part of this process influences the others and how a successful research report is an orchestrated conversation between a researcher and a reader. Along with many other topics, "The Craft of Research" explains how to build an argument that motivates readers to accept a claim; how to anticipate the reservations of thoughtful yet critical readers and to respond to them appropriately; and how to create introductions and conclusions that answer that most demanding question, "So what?" This popular book retains its five-part structure. Part 1 provides an orientation to the research process and begins the discussion of what motivates researchers and their readers. Part 2 focuses on finding a topic, planning the project and locating appropriate sources. This section is brought up to date with new information on the role of the Internet in research, including how to find and evaluate sources, avoid their misuse and test their reliability. Part 3 explains the art of making an argument and supporting it. The authors have extensively revised this section to present the structure of an argument in clearer and more accessible terms than in the first edition. New distinctions are made among "reasons", "evidence", and "reports of evidence". The concepts of "qualifications and rebuttals" are recast as "acknowledgement and response". Part 4 covers drafting and revising, and offers new information on the visual representation of data. Part 5 concludes the book with an updated discussion of the ethics of research, as well as an expanded bibliography that includes many electronic sources. The new edition retains the accessibility, insights and directness that have made "The Craft of Research" a useful guide for anyone doing research, from students in high school through advanced graduate study to business people and government employees. The authors demonstrate convincingly that researching and reporting skills can be learned and used by all who undertake research projects.

The craft of research

Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and de‹ciency. Thus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself the enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. (Ibn al-Haytham)1

국제정치이론 = Theory of international politics

Understanding the Persistence of History-Related Issues in Sino–Japanese Relations: From Memory to Forgetting

Matteo Dian’s book Contested Memories in Chinese and Japanese Foreign Policy presents an interesting theoretical approach to the study of collective memory and foreign policy in which different traditions that embrace divergent beliefs about the past engage in domestic contestation with the aim of defining the country’s collective memory narrative. Such narratives, argues Dian, influence foreign policy. One of the book’s main strengths is that it clearly demonstrates how the ways in which the past is remembered has had important consequences for how state leaders have understood the roles of their countries within the world order. In post-war Japan, the collective memory of Japanese people as victims during the war was interpreted by many Japanese as a reason for embracing pacifism. Dian argues that Japanese leaders mobilised such sentiments to motivate Japan’s limited military role during the Cold War. Despite fierce contestation, post-war governments managed to navigate between the two main traditions – the conservative and progressive ones – incorporating elements from both as they defined Japan’s role in the world and legitimised foreign policy. However, the death of the Showa emperor and the end of the Cold War in 1989, the book argues, created a dilemma; the new situation made the dominant post-war narrative untenable. In the space that opened, progressives began to debate the Showa emperor’s war responsibility and emphasised the need to include Japanese victimisation of neighbouring countries in collective memory. The narrative that they promoted pointed to the importance of reconciliation and improved relations with Asian nations. Conservatives who wished to make Japan a ‘normal’ country with war potential instead of holding on to what they considered outdated pacifist ideals, by contrast, sought to narrate the past in a ‘normal’ and less self-critical way that stressed the wartime generation’s heroic sacrifice. During the 1990s, the progressive agenda was quite successful, but was gradually overtaken by the conservatives who have promoted their beliefs about the past and weakened previously existing constraints on defence policy. These changes notwithstanding, Japanese collective memory remains contested. In the Chinese case, Dian identifies what he calls the national salvation and Confucian traditions. During the Mao era, the national salvation tradition was drawn on as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) stressed class struggle and magnified its role as a heroic revolutionary which saved the nation from imperialists and capitalists. Against the background of such a way of remembering the past, the CCP also presented itself as a contemporary revolutionary leader that should aid oppressed peoples in an anti-imperialist 716724 CAC0010.1177/0010836717716724Cooperation and ConflictBook review book-review2017

Book review: Contested Memories in Chinese and Japanese Foreign Policy:

The book Sino-Japanese Power Politics: Might, Money and Minds provides an empirically rich account of recent Sino-Japanese relations focusing in particular on the time period since Abe Shinzō and X...

Sino-Japanese Power Politics: Might, Money and Minds, by Giulio Pugliese and Aurelio Insisa

Research on the legacy of Japanese imperialism and aggression has focused primarily on the conflictual aspects of East Asian international memory politics. In particular, it has highlighted the negative impact on Japan’s relations with China and South Korea. Scant attention has been paid to the reconciliation that arguably has been achieved, such as between Japan and Taiwan. How can such differences be understood? While numerous factors certainly matter, this chapter suggests that one hitherto overlooked aspect is the difference in how the anxiety associated with the ambivalence of complex historical experiences has been dealt with. Chinese and South Korean collective memory has taken the common approach of excising ambiguity and constructing a rather black and white coherent narrative about heroes, villains and victims, thereby avoiding anxiety. Taiwanese collective memory, by contrast, can be said to have faced anxiety and ambivalence to a greater extent by allowing historical complexity and ambiguity. 

Beyond bilateral conflict in the international politics of memory in East Asia: anxiety and reconciliation

Identity change is an important phenomenon in international politics. It can radically alter how states orient themself and act internationally. But how does identity change occur? For some, it is merely an epiphenomenal result of changes in the international distribution of power. Others highlight domestic factors, while still others see it as occurring through a social process of interaction with other states. There are also explanations that combine these and other factors. While existing accounts have pushed the debate on identity change forward, this article suggests that incorporating anxiety into our understanding of identity change would help us better understand two important aspects of it: how an existing identity comes to be doubted and how a new one becomes thinkable and eventually accepted. Drawing on the work of psychologist Rollo May, this article explores the link between identity change, anxiety and creativity. The argument is illustrated through reference to 19th century Japan. For much of its history, Japan was part of the Sino-centric order and looked up to China as a “teacher in the ways of civilization”. However, in the 19th century, Japan radically redefined its identity in relation to China, and Asia more broadly, and rejected the Sino-centric world view as it sought to become a “civilized” state similar to the Western countries. 

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Karl Gustafsson

Papers

Understanding the Persistence of History-Related Issues in Sino–Japanese Relations: From Memory to Forgetting

Book review: Contested Memories in Chinese and Japanese Foreign Policy:

Sino-Japanese Power Politics: Might, Money and Minds, by Giulio Pugliese and Aurelio Insisa

Beyond bilateral conflict in the international politics of memory in East Asia: anxiety and reconciliation

Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West