THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Fundamentals of Plasmonics.- Electromagnetics of Metals.- Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Metal / Insulator Interfaces.- Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Planar Interfaces.- Imaging Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation.- Localized Surface Plasmons.- Electromagnetic Surface Modes at Low Frequencies.- Applications.- Plasmon Waveguides.- Transmission of Radiation Through Apertures and Films.- Enhancement of Emissive Processes and Nonlinearities.- Spectroscopy and Sensing.- Metamaterials and Imaging with Surface Plasmon Polaritons.- Concluding Remarks.

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Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications

The Avogadro project has developed an advanced molecule editor and visualizer designed for cross-platform use in computational chemistry, molecular modeling, bioinformatics, materials science, and related areas. It offers flexible, high quality rendering, and a powerful plugin architecture. Typical uses include building molecular structures, formatting input files, and analyzing output of a wide variety of computational chemistry packages. By using the CML file format as its native document type, Avogadro seeks to enhance the semantic accessibility of chemical data types. The work presented here details the Avogadro library, which is a framework providing a code library and application programming interface (API) with three-dimensional visualization capabilities; and has direct applications to research and education in the fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology. The Avogadro application provides a rich graphical interface using dynamically loaded plugins through the library itself. The application and library can each be extended by implementing a plugin module in C++ or Python to explore different visualization techniques, build/manipulate molecular structures, and interact with other programs. We describe some example extensions, one which uses a genetic algorithm to find stable crystal structures, and one which interfaces with the PackMol program to create packed, solvated structures for molecular dynamics simulations. The 1.0 release series of Avogadro is the main focus of the results discussed here. Avogadro offers a semantic chemical builder and platform for visualization and analysis. For users, it offers an easy-to-use builder, integrated support for downloading from common databases such as PubChem and the Protein Data Bank, extracting chemical data from a wide variety of formats, including computational chemistry output, and native, semantic support for the CML file format. For developers, it can be easily extended via a powerful plugin mechanism to support new features in organic chemistry, inorganic complexes, drug design, materials, biomolecules, and simulations. Avogadro is freely available under an open-source license from http://avogadro.openmolecules.net
 .

/pdf/avogadro-an-advanced-semantic-chemical-editor-visualization-2imnj3h9vl.pdf

Avogadro: an advanced semantic chemical editor, visualization, and analysis platform

5.1. Detection Formats 475 5.2. Food Quality and Safety Analysis 477 5.2.1. Pathogens 477 5.2.2. Toxins 479 5.2.3. Veterinary Drugs 479 5.2.4. Vitamins 480 5.2.5. Hormones 480 5.2.6. Diagnostic Antibodies 480 5.2.7. Allergens 481 5.2.8. Proteins 481 5.2.9. Chemical Contaminants 481 5.3. Medical Diagnostics 481 5.3.1. Cancer Markers 481 5.3.2. Antibodies against Viral Pathogens 482 5.3.3. Drugs and Drug-Induced Antibodies 483 5.3.4. Hormones 483 5.3.5. Allergy Markers 483 5.3.6. Heart Attack Markers 484 5.3.7. Other Molecular Biomarkers 484 5.4. Environmental Monitoring 484 5.4.1. Pesticides 484 5.4.2. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 485 5.4.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons 485 5.4.4. Heavy Metals 485 5.4.5. Phenols 485 5.4.6. Polychlorinated Biphenyls 487 5.4.7. Dioxins 487 5.5. Summary 488 6. Conclusions 489 7. Abbreviations 489 8. Acknowledgment 489 9. References 489

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Detection of Chemical and Biological Species

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are optical sensors exploiting special electromagnetic waves—surface plasmon-polaritons—to probe interactions between an analyte in solution and a biomolecular recognition element immobilized on the SPR sensor surface. Major application areas include detection of biological analytes and analysis of biomolecular interactions where SPR biosensors provide benefits of label-free real-time analytical technology. This paper reviews fundamentals of SPR affinity biosensors and discusses recent advances in development and applications of SPR biosensors.

Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors.

Excitation−emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy has been widely used to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water and soil. However, interpreting the >10,000 wavelength-dependent fluorescence intensity data points represented in EEMs has posed a significant challenge. Fluorescence regional integration, a quantitative technique that integrates the volume beneath an EEM, was developed to analyze EEMs. EEMs were delineated into five excitation−emission regions based on fluorescence of model compounds, DOM fractions, and marine waters or freshwaters. Volumetric integration under the EEM within each region, normalized to the projected excitation−emission area within that region and dissolved organic carbon concentration, resulted in a normalized region-specific EEM volume (Φi,n). Solid-state carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, ultraviolet−visible absorption spectra, and EEMs were obtained for standard Suwannee River fulvic acid and 15 h...

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter.

Theory of analytical chemistry

A review of three commonly used classes of chemical sensor technologies as applicable to implementation in portable, handheld field instruments is presented. Solid-state gas and chemical sensors have long been heralded as the solution to a wide variety of portable chemical sensing system applications. However, advances in optical sensing technology have reduced the size of supporting infrastructure to be competitive with their solid-state counterparts. Optical, solid-state, and hybrid arrays of sensors have application for portable instruments, but issues of insufficient selectivity and sensitivity continue to hamper the widespread introduction of these miniaturized sensors for solving chemical sensing problems in environments outside the laboratory. In this article, we evaluate three of the major classes of compact chemical sensors for portable applications: (solid-state) chemiresistors, (solid-state) CHEMFETs, and (optical) surface plasmon resonance sensors (SPR). These sensors are evaluated and reviewed, according to the current state of research, in terms of their ability to operate at low-power, small-size, and relatively low-cost in environments, with numerous interferents and variable ambient conditions.

https://www.uta.edu/rfmems/BMC/0720/Background/Chemical%20Sensors%20for%20Portable,%20Handheld%20Field%20Instruments.pdf

Chemical sensors for portable, handheld field instruments

The emerging fiber-shaped supercapacitors (FSSs) have motivated tremendous research interest in energy storage devices. However, challenges still exist in the pursuit of combination of excellent electrochemical performance and mechanical stretchability. Here, a core-sheath asymmetric FSS is first made by wrapping gel electrolyte coated carbon nanotube (CNT)@MnO2 core fiber with CNT@PPy composite film. Then a stretchable helical structure is formed by over-twisting the FSS. The resulted stretchable asymmetric FSS exhibits a specific capacitance of 60.435 mF cm−2 at the scan rate of 10 mV s−1 and the capacitance performance is well maintained during repeated stretching to 20% strain. Furthermore, a high energy density of 18.88 μW h cm−2 is achieved for the stretchable FSS due to its high specific capacitance and extended potential window of 1.5 V.

A High Performance Stretchable Asymmetric Fiber‐Shaped Supercapacitor with a Core‐Sheath Helical Structure

The emergence of stretchable electronic devices has attracted intensive attention. However, most of the existing stretchable electronic devices can generally be stretched only in one specific direction and show limited specific capacitance and energy density. Here, we report a stretchable isotropic buckled carbon nanotube (CNT) film, which is used as electrodes for supercapacitors with low sheet resistance, high omnidirectional stretchability, and electro-mechanical stability under repeated stretching. After acid treatment of the CNT film followed by electrochemical deposition of polyaniline (PANI), the resulting isotropic buckled acid treated CNT@PANI electrode exhibits high specific capacitance of 1147.12 mF cm(-2) at 10 mV s(-1). The supercapacitor possesses high energy density from 31.56 to 50.98 μWh cm(-2) and corresponding power density changing from 2.294 to 28.404 mW cm(-2) at the scan rate from 10 to 200 mV s(-1). Also, the supercapacitor can sustain an omnidirectional strain of 200%, which is twice the maximum strain of biaxially stretchable supercapacitors based on CNT assemblies reported in the literature. Moreover, the capacitive performance is even enhanced to 1160.43-1230.61 mF cm(-2) during uniaxial, biaxial, and omnidirectional elongations.

Karl S. Booksh

Papers

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter.

Theory of analytical chemistry

Chemical sensors for portable, handheld field instruments

A High Performance Stretchable Asymmetric Fiber‐Shaped Supercapacitor with a Core‐Sheath Helical Structure

Omnidirectionally Stretchable High-Performance Supercapacitor Based on Isotropic Buckled Carbon Nanotube Films