WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected pollutants.

With a goal of achieving net-zero emissions by developing Smart Cities (SCs) and industrial decarbonization, there is a growing desire to decarbonize the renewable energy sector by accelerating green buildings (GBs) construction, electric vehicles (EVs), and ensuring long-term stability, with the expectation that emissions will need to be reduced by at least two thirds by 2035 and by at least 90% by 2050. Implementing GBs in urban areas and encouraging the use of EVs are cornerstones of transition towards SCs, and practical actions that governments can consider to help with improving the environment and develop SCs. This paper investigates different aspects of smart cities development and introduces new feasible indicators related to GBs and EVs in designing SCs, presenting existing barriers to smart cities development, and solutions to overcome them. The results demonstrate that feasible and achievable policies such as the development of the zero-energy, attention to design parameters, implementation of effective indicators for GBs and EVs, implementing strategies to reduce the cost of production of EVs whilst maintaining good quality standards, load management, and integrating EVs successfully into the electricity system, are important in smart cities development. Therefore, strategies to governments should consider the full dynamics and potential of socio-economic and climate change by implementing new energy policies on increasing investment in EVs, and GBs development by considering energy, energy, techno-economic, and environmental benefits.

Investigating Smart City Development Based on Green Buildings, Electrical Vehicles and Feasible Indicators

Green finance policy coupling effect of fossil energy use rights trading and renewable energy certificates trading on low carbon economy: Taking China as an example

To mitigate the effects of climate change, the European Commission created a Strategic Energy Technology Plan committing to forming 100 Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) by 2025. These are considered to potentially be major instruments for decarbonization in a just transition. This plan has led to some districts being defined as PEDs, although none have fully met the criteria to be a PED yet. Research shows that new forms of energy ownership and production, as could potentially be found in PEDs, could help reduce energy poverty, which affects a significant segment of the population, as households can reduce their energy expenditure as well as improve their energy behavior. This paper set out to shed light on the PED landscape, investigating the barriers and opportunities to PED creation in Spain and its potential to mitigate energy poverty. We conducted a literature review on community-owned energy in Spain, followed with expert interviews (energy researchers, stakeholders, and NGOs) who focus on sustainability issues in Spain. Results show a number of barriers (lack of knowledge and awareness, and lack of trust from consumers) and opportunities connected with the creation of PEDs. In conclusion, policymaker engagement and support play a key role in successfully implementing PEDs.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/16/8698/pdf

Towards a Just Energy Transition, Barriers and Opportunities for Positive Energy District Creation in Spain

This study provides an in-depth assessment of the environmental performance of five public schools in the transition towards a low-carbon economy and a more sustainable model of society. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology is used to conduct the study. The school system includes several activities and processes clustered in three subsystems: management of the school building, training and learning activities (T&L) and mobility and transport (M&T). A detailed primary data inventory of energy and resources consumption was collected in five schools located in Spain and Portugal. Findings on climate change (CC), water depletion (WD), particular matter (PM), acidification (Ac), and human health (HH), as well as associated external cost (EC), are reported per student in one school year as reference unit, allowing the schools’ individual performance comparison and identify the potential improvements. Considering the sample of schools, findings reveal that peculiarities of the schools, such as location, specialization, and level of education, are crucial for the environmental performance. Buildings are a relevant contributor to CC as well as heating and electricity needs, although their relevance is dependent on multiple factors. The M&T subsystem also has relevant weight on the metrics evaluated. Educational activities have a lower impact in absolute terms but, in some schools, it becomes the main contributor to HH due to paper and electricity consumption and manufacturing of equipment. External costs results are in the range of 11 to 38 EUR/student·year mainly caused by heating, electricity and wastes from the building subsystem, and the M&T subsystem.

Low-Carbon Economy in Schools: Environmental Footprint and Associated Externalities of Five Schools in Southwestern Europe

A methodology to empower citizens towards a low-carbon economy. The potential of schools and sustainability indicators.

The ClimACT project has been developed under the priority axis “Low Carbon Economy” of the Interreg SUDOE program. It aims to support the transition to a low carbon economy in schools. Environmental audits addressing energy and water consumptions, waste management, travels to school, procurements and green spaces have been carried out in 38 pilots schools of Portugal, Spain, France and Gibraltar. Indoor air quality and ventilation measurements were also achieved. The concentrations of 9 aldehydes and 10 selected VOCs were measured from passive sampling in two classrooms of each school. In addition, TVOC, CO2, CO, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were monitored for a period of 2 days or 1 week in French schools. Of all the individual VOCs and aldehydes investigated, only formaldehyde exhibit some concentrations over the guideline. On the other hand, PM10, PM2.5, CO2 and TVOC concentrations during the class hours are over the guidelines in 64%, 45%, 43% and 20% of classrooms, respectively. The time series of concentrations highlight that a significant part of TVOCs originates from the occupants. Similarly, PM10 concentrations over the guideline are mainly contributed by biogenic emissions and resuspension of settled particles. Another interesting conclusion coming from the study is that there are no significant differences in the characteristics of the air pollution in secondary schools, high schools and universities, when compared to primary schools. However, the characteristics of indoor air pollution in classrooms may be slightly different in Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar and France.

Indoor air quality measurements in 35 schools of South-Western Europe

A radiative cooling system applied to a typical Portuguese building was studied in order to minimize the electric consumption of a heat pump. The cooling system consists of an inertia tank which absorbs excess heat from the building, and dissipates it using a thermal photovoltaic panel. This is a 24h working system, during the day absorbs the excess heat, at night time the system forces the heat water to pass through the photovoltaic panel in order to cool down, using the radiative and convective natural effect. This system takes advantage of the sky nocturnal effect and the outside air.This study was performed in TRNSYS, using a mathematical and a physical model developed for this analysis. The purpose is to evaluate the performance of the system in a typical Portuguese building exposed to the Mediterranean climate. The benefits of introducing this new passive system were evaluated in order to decrease energy consumption compared to a reversible heat pump.

Energy performance analysis on a radiative cooling storage system

A low cost methodology of chiller analysis and forecasting was developed to compete with Climacheck, currently the most used equipment on the market. This methodology comprises two types of analysis, internal and external. The internal method analyzes the several chiller elements and evaluates their behavior. The external analysis predicts the equipment’s behavior for different load levels and climatic conditions through a previous selected model.In order to assess this new methodology, the obtained results are compared with the ones from Climacheck. First, they are applied to a laboratory case and later to two field cases.With the proposed methodology, it is possible to obtain efficiency values and internal parameters of the refrigeration cycle quite accurately, making it possible to do a system diagnosis.A low cost methodology of chiller analysis and forecasting was developed to compete with Climacheck, currently the most used equipment on the market. This methodology comprises two types of analysis, internal and external. The internal method analyzes the several chiller elements and evaluates their behavior. The external analysis predicts the equipment’s behavior for different load levels and climatic conditions through a previous selected model.In order to assess this new methodology, the obtained results are compared with the ones from Climacheck. First, they are applied to a laboratory case and later to two field cases.With the proposed methodology, it is possible to obtain efficiency values and internal parameters of the refrigeration cycle quite accurately, making it possible to do a system diagnosis.

Karla Gonçalves

Papers

A methodology to empower citizens towards a low-carbon economy. The potential of schools and sustainability indicators.

Indoor air quality measurements in 35 schools of South-Western Europe

Energy performance analysis on a radiative cooling storage system

Analysis of chiller performance using expeditious indirect methods