The electronic nose (e-nose) is designed to crudely mimic the mammalian nose in that most contain sensors that non-selectively interact with odor molecules to produce some sort of signal that is then sent to a computer that uses multivariate statistics to determine patterns in the data. This pattern recognition is used to determine that one sample is similar or different from another based on headspace volatiles. There are different types of e-nose sensors including organic polymers, metal oxides, quartz crystal microbalance and even gas-chromatography (GC) or combined with mass spectroscopy (MS) can be used in a non-selective manner using chemical mass or patterns from a short GC column as an e-nose or "Z" nose. The electronic tongue reacts similarly to non-volatile compounds in a liquid. This review will concentrate on applications of e-nose and e-tongue technology for edible products and pharmaceutical uses.

/pdf/electronic-noses-and-tongues-applications-for-the-food-and-spws65e257.pdf

Electronic noses and tongues: applications for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Effective R&D and strict quality control of a broad range of foods, beverages, and pharmaceutical products require objective taste evaluation. Advanced taste sensors using artificial-lipid membranes have been developed based on concepts of global selectivity and high correlation with human sensory score. These sensors respond similarly to similar basic tastes, which they quantify with high correlations to sensory score. Using these unique properties, these sensors can quantify the basic tastes of saltiness, sourness, bitterness, umami, astringency and richness without multivariate analysis or artificial neural networks. This review describes all aspects of these taste sensors based on artificial lipid, ranging from the response principle and optimal design methods to applications in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical markets.

Advanced Taste Sensors Based on Artificial Lipids with Global Selectivity to Basic Taste Qualities and High Correlation to Sensory Scores

Introduction: Orodispersible films for oral delivery are gaining popularity. Whereas breath-fresheners and over-the-counter products have already become quite common in the US, the first prescription drug films were introduced into the EU and US markets only very recently. Already considered as a unique Rx (prescription drug) dosage form by the FDA (oral soluble film), such products are not substitutable by conventional oral dosage forms. The official term defined by the European Medicines Agency is orodispersible film (ODF). Areas covered: This review gives an overview on the benefits of ODFs, typical excipients and products already available on the market. ODFs are defined and differentiated from other films and dosage forms. Possible manufacturing methods are described. As ODFs are not yet listed in one of the pharmacopoeias, possible methods for characterization and quality control are discussed. Required characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are elaborated. Biopharmaceutical considerations ar...

Advances in orodispersible films for drug delivery.

https://www.postharvestinnovation.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Analytical-methds-for-determination-of-sugars-and-sweetness-of-horticultural-products.pdf

Analytical methods for determination of sugars and sweetness of horticultural products—A review

Sensing technologies for objective evaluation such as the discrimination and quantification of tastes have been developed since around 1990, before the discovery of taste receptors. Electronic tongues aim to discriminate and analyze foods and beverages and are well known as sensing technologies that greatly contribute to quality management. A taste sensor, i.e., an electronic tongue with global selectivity, is developed to realize a sensor that responds to taste chemical substances and can be used to quantify the type of taste focusing on the fact that humans discriminate the taste of foods and beverages on the tongue with the five basic tastes. In this paper, we focus on the taste sensor and describe its sensing principle, its difference from general electronic tongues that do not aim to quantify tastes, examples of its use, and the recent trend of research of electronic tongues.

Electronic Tongues–A Review

Taste sensing systems (electronic tongues) for pharmaceutical applications.

http://s9423e139345e2186.jimcontent.com/download/version/1447194671/module/10148061898/name/Playing%20hide%20and%20seek%20with%20poorly%20tasting%20paediatric%20medicines.pdf

Katharina Woertz

Papers

Taste sensing systems (electronic tongues) for pharmaceutical applications.

Playing hide and seek with poorly tasting paediatric medicines: do not forget the excipients.

A comparative study on two electronic tongues for pharmaceutical formulation development

Performance qualification of an electronic tongue based on ICH guideline Q2.

Development of mini-tablets with 1mm and 2mm diameter.