The term photonic crystals appears because of the analogy between electron waves in crystals and the light waves in artificial periodic dielectric structures. During the recent years the investigation of one-, two-and three-dimensional periodic structures has attracted a widespread attention of the world optics community because of great potentiality of such structures in advanced applied optical fields. The interest in periodic structures has been stimulated by the fast development of semiconductor technology that now allows the fabrication of artificial structures, whose period is comparable with the wavelength of light in the visible and infrared ranges.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6354/16969/00781867.pdf

Photonic crystals

Process gas discharged from a bypass pipe to a gas exhaust system can be prevented from diffusing back to the inside of a process chamber without having to install a dedicated vacuum pump at the downstream side of the bypass pipe. The substrate processing apparatus includes a process chamber accommodating a substrate, a gas supply system supplying process gas from a process gas source to the process chamber for processing the substrate, a gas exhaust system configured to exhaust the process chamber, two or more vacuum pumps installed in series at the gas exhaust system, and a bypass pipe connected between the gas supply system and the gas exhaust system. The most upstream one of the vacuum pumps is a mechanical booster pump, and the bypass pipe is connected between the mechanical booster pump and the rest vacuum pumps located at a downstream side of the mechanical booster pump.

Substrate Processing Apparatus

Ceramic integration technology requires downsizing and/or improvement of device performance in many applications, such as in the fabrication of microelectromechanical systems, display devises, fuel cells, optical devices, and RF components. For these applications, realization of high-speed deposition rate, low process temperature, and fine patterning in ceramic coating are very important. The aerosol deposition (AD) method has many advantages for above requirements in comparison with conventional thin-film method or thermal spray coating technology. In this article, advantages of the AD method are highlighted by realizing a comparison with conventional thin-film methods and thermal spray technology. Challenges associated with AD method are also highlighted. At the end, examples of integration of AD method in the fabrication of electronic components are also given to show the easiness in usage and in integration of this method in the device process flow.

Room Temperature Impact Consolidation (RTIC) of Fine Ceramic Powder by Aerosol Deposition Method and Applications to Microdevices

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) in magnetically ordered crystals is reviewed. The symmetry of such crystals is determined by the arrangement of both the charges and the spins, so their contributions to the crystallographic and the magnetic structures, respectively, must be distinguished. Magnetic SHG is introduced as a probe for magnetic structures and sublattice interactions. The specific degrees of optical experiments - including spectral, spatial, and temporal resolution - lead to the observation of novel physical effects that cannot be revealed by other techniques of probing magnetism. These include local or hidden phase transitions, interacting magnetized and polarized sublattices and domain walls, and magnetic interfaces. SHG in various centrosymmetric and noncentrosymmetric crystal classes of antiferromagnetic oxides such as Cr2O3, hexagonal RMnO3(R=Sc,Y,In,Ho-Lu), magnetic garnet films, CuB2O4, CoO, and NiO, is discussed.

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Second-harmonic generation as a tool for studying electronic and magnetic structures of crystals: review

TOPICAL REVIEW: Magnetophotonic crystals

We present a procedure for analyzing the properties of multilayer structures with magnetic film. The magneto-optical effect in multilayer-structure magnetic films [e.g., bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet (YIG)] and dielectric films (e.g., SiO2 and Ta2O5) was investigated theoretically and experimentally to examine the correlation between the magneto-optical properties and the localization effect of light. The film structure of interest, which has symmetric periodicity, is the (Ta2O5/SiO2)n/Bi:YIG/(SiO2/Ta2O5)n structure, where n is the repetition number. We fabricated experimentally a one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystal film of (Ta2O5/SiO2)n/Bi:YIG/(SiO2/Ta2O5)n (n=2,6) structures. The theoretical calculation and the measured value for the Faraday rotation were in close agreement. Furthermore, the Faraday rotation of the multilayer structure with n=6 is 150 times larger than that of a Bi:YIG single-layer film. This is of interest from the point of view of actual magneto-optical device (e.g., opt...

Theoretical analysis of optical and magneto-optical properties of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals

A one-dimensional (1-D) magnetophotonic crystal (MPC) film made of a magneto-optical layer with nonmagnetic layers laminated thereon has an enhanced Faraday rotation. Theoretical studies about 1-D MPC films for use in magneto-optical (MO) applications of optical communication were carried out. The calculations revealed that required optical isolator performance (transmittance T>95% and Faraday rotation angle /spl theta//sub F/=45/spl deg/) can be fulfilled with the periodic multilayer films having only two or three magnetic layers. The structure of 1-D MPC films satisfying the optical isolator performance is very simple, which is very attractive for actual optical isolator fabrication.

Properties of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals for use in optical isolator devices

Enhanced Faraday and nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr effects in magnetophotonic crystals

Effect of optical losses on optical and magneto-optical properties of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals for use in optical isolator devices

A novel reflective magnetooptic spatial light modulator has been fabricated and its dynamic switching testing was investigated. Improvements by a factor of three in pixel switching sensitivity and power consumption could be achieved by the use of a wedge-shaped drive line, compared to the use of a conventional reflective magnetooptic spatial light modulator. Simpler fabrication processes by a factor of two could also be achieved by the use of a drive line which covers most of the surface of the pixel, a non-rectangular channel and a unpatterned insulator layer.

Kazuhiro Nishimura

Papers

Theoretical analysis of optical and magneto-optical properties of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals

Properties of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals for use in optical isolator devices

Enhanced Faraday and nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr effects in magnetophotonic crystals

Effect of optical losses on optical and magneto-optical properties of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals for use in optical isolator devices

Magnetooptic Spatial Light Modulator for Volumetric Digital Recording System