Solar photovoltaics have great promise for a low-carbon future but remain expensive relative to other technologies Greatly increased penetration of photovoltaics into global energy markets requires an expansion in attention from designs of high-performance to those that can deliver significantly lower cost per kilowatt-hour To evaluate a new set of technical and economic performance targets, we examine material extraction costs and supply constraints for 23 promising semiconducting materials Twelve composite materials systems were found to have the capacity to meet or exceed the annual worldwide electricity consumption of 17 000 TWh, of which nine have the potential for a significant cost reduction over crystalline silicon We identify a large material extraction cost (cents/watt) gap between leading thin film materials and a number of unconventional solar cell candidates including FeS2, CuO, and Zn3P2 We find that devices performing below 10% power conversion efficiencies deliver the same lifetime en

/pdf/materials-availability-expands-the-opportunity-for-large-2fhh3uwxnr.pdf

Materials availability expands the opportunity for large-scale photovoltaics deployment.

Get the phase diagram information you need at a price you can afford. Key Features: Peer reviewed by the Japanese Committee for Alloy Phase Diagrams. Updated through April 2000. Total number of diagrams = 2,332 (605 are new of greatly revised diagrams; among these 171 are not in Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd Edition). Approximately 600 crystal structure tables of systems for which phase diagrams are unknown. You've been asking for a simple book containing just binary phase diagrams and crystal structure data. Desk Handbook: Phase Diagrams for Binary Alloys meets this need, and it presents the most current information. Updates the previous print compilation of binary phase diagrams by 10 years. Presents diagrams in consistent size. Shows the principal axis in atomic per cent, with a secondary axis in weight per cent. Includes an introductory article on phase diagrams and their use. Gives reference to the original literature source. This volume is the latest outgrowth of the phase diagram activity in which ASM International has been involved since 1978.

Desk handbook phase diagrams for binary alloys

Thank you very much for reading the nature of the chemical bond. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their chosen books like this the nature of the chemical bond, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some harmful virus inside their laptop. the nature of the chemical bond is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our books collection hosts in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the the nature of the chemical bond is universally compatible with any devices to read.

The Nature Of The Chemical Bond

Sulfur-doped porous carbons: Synthesis and applications

Glass-ceramics are polycrystalline materials of fine microstructure that are produced by the controlled crystallisation (devitrification) of a glass. Numerous silicate based wastes, such as coal combustion ash, slag from steel production, fly ash and filter dusts from waste incinerators, mud from metal hydrometallurgy, different types of sludge as well as glass cullet or mixtures of them have been considered for the production of glass-ceramics. Developments of glass-ceramics from waste using different processing methods are described comprehensively in this review, covering R&D work carried out worldwide in the last 40 years. Properties and applications of the different glass-ceramics produced are discussed. The review reveals that considerable knowledge and expertise has been accumulated on the process of transformation of silicate waste into useful glass-ceramic products. These glass-ceramics are attractive as building materials for usage as construction and architectural components or for other specialised technical applications requiring a combination of suitable thermo-mechanical properties. Previous attempts to commercialise glass-ceramics from waste and to scale-up production for industrial exploitation are also discussed.

/pdf/glass-ceramics-their-production-from-wastes-a-review-iuuae840yr.pdf

Glass-ceramics: Their production from wastes—A Review

Thermodynamics of solar-grade-silicon refining

Refining of silicon during its solidification from a Si-Al melt

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1016/j.stam.2003.12.007/pdf

Removal of phosphorus by the solidification refining with Si–Al melts

Aiming at the development of Si solidification refining process with Si-Al melt, investigations on separation method of Si grains solidified from Si-Al melt and the laboratory scale refining test were carried out. By the use of electromagnetic force under the fixed alternating magnetic field, solidified Si grains were successfully agglomerated in the Si-Al alloy and the high Si density part was obtained, although the use of gravity force was not effective. Furthermore, the refining test with induction heating revealed the high purification ability of this refining.

Refining of Si by the Solidification of Si-Al Melt with Electromagnetic Force

The global shortage of solar grade silicon for the production of photovoltaic cells has motivated many researches on the refining of silicon, especially the refining of metallurgical-grade silicon. In order to obtain better control of the removal process of boron from molten silicon using silicate slags, precise thermodynamic data are required. In the present study the partition ratio of boron (LB) between the slag and silicon phases and the activity coefficient of boron oxide in CaO–SiO2, CaO–SiO2–25%CaF2, and CaO–SiO2–40%CaF2 slags were evaluated at 1823 K. The activity coefficient of BO1.5 was investigated for slags of CaO/SiO2 ratio varying from 0.3–7.0; further, the borate capacity of the slag is defined in this study as:[Equation]The addition of Na2O to CaO–SiO2 slags was found to increase the partition ratio of boron between the slag and the silicon phase.

/pdf/removal-of-boron-from-molten-silicon-using-cao-sio2-based-k8aq5jqa42.pdf

Kazuki Morita

Papers

Thermodynamics of solar-grade-silicon refining

Refining of silicon during its solidification from a Si-Al melt

Removal of phosphorus by the solidification refining with Si–Al melts

Refining of Si by the Solidification of Si-Al Melt with Electromagnetic Force

Removal of Boron from Molten Silicon Using CaO–SiO2 Based Slags