Although there have been numerous isolated studies and reports of symbiotic relationships of polychaetes and other marine animals, the only previous attempt to provide an overview of these phenomena among the polychaetes comes from the 1950s, with no more than 70 species of symbionts being very briefly treated. Based on the available literature and on our own field observations, we compiled a list of the mentions of symbiotic polychaetes known to date. Thus, the present review includes 292 species of commensal polychaetes from 28 families involved in 713 relationships and 81 species of parasitic polychaetes from 13 families involved in 253 relationships. When possible, the main characteristic features of symbiotic polychaetes and their relationships are discussed. Among them, we include systematic account, distribution within host groups, host specificity, intra-host distribution, location on the host, infestation prevalence and intensity, and morphological, behavioural and/or physiological and reproductive adaptations. When appropriate, the possible directions for further research are also indicated. Martin, D. & Britayev, T.A., 1998. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 36: 217-340. 2 INDEX (You may use the links at this index and throughout the text to visit the different chapters, Tables and figures)

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Symbiotic polychaetes: Review of known species

http://www.elkhornslough.org/research/PDF/slough_invasions.pdf

Biological invasions of estuaries without international shipping: the importance of intraregional transport

Hermit crab biocoenoses: a worldwide review of the diversity and natural history of hermit crab associates

The reproduction and larval development of spioniform polychaetes are reviewed. Asexual reproduction is relatively rare, being reported for only eight species belonging to the genus Pygospio and some polydorids. Both architomy and paratomy are known, with the latter limited to small species of Pseudopolydora (sometimes referred to Polydorella) and one species of Polydora. Architomy is often the primary form of reproduction in Pygospio elegans and contributes to the maintenance of large populations. Three types of eggs (thin egg envelopes, thick egg envelopes, smooth or reticulated, and thick egg envelopes, honeycombed), two types of oogenesis (extraovarian and intraovarian), and two types of sperm (ect-aquasperm and introsperm) occur in spioniforms. Egg and sperm type are restricted to specific clades. Eggs with thickened egg envelopes appear to be limited to spioniforms, whereas the thin egg envelope found in some spionids occurs in other polychaete families, suggesting that thin egg envelopes are plesiomorphic for spionids. Spermatophores occur in the spionid subfamily Spioninae and are formed in the male nephridia. Spioniforms exhibit a diversity of reproductive and larval patterns including broadcast spawning, external egg masses, brooding in capsules in tubes of females and brooding on the bodies of females. Poecilogony is unusually common in the Spionidae. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that reproductive and larval characters, when used in combination with selected adult characters, provide a more complete database to evaluate systematic and phylogenetic relationships than only adult morphology. Preliminary results of parsimony suggest that the Spionidae are paraphyletic and that its definition and the status of related spioniform polychaetes needs to be reassessed with regard to family level classification.

Reproduction and larval development of the spioniform Polychaeta with application to systematics and phylogeny

The reproduction, larval development and seasonal occurrence of planktonic larvae of eight species of Polydora from Maine are described. The species are: Polydora ligni, P. websteri, P. aggregata, P. commensalis, P. socialis, P. concharum, P. quadrilobata and P. caulleryi. The first seven named were reared from egg capsules and plankton isolates, while P. caulleryi larvae were only obtained from plankton isolates. A key to the polydorid larvae of New England is given. Polydora concharum and P. quadrilobata brood their larvae during the winter and possess the largest eggs encountered in this study. The remaining species brood their larvae in spring and summer and have smaller eggs. Polydora quadrilobata was found to exhibit two types of development in different populations during the same breeding season. In the first type of development (1), the larvae feed on unfertilized nurse eggs and have only a short pelagic life. In the second type of development (II), there are no nurse eggs and the larvae...

Reproduction and larval development of Polydora from Northern New England (Polychaeta: spionidae)

1. The larval development of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) and P. kempi (Southern) is described. Both species occur in tidal flats of California bays and estuaries. 2. Adult females of P. paucibranchiata deposit eggs in capsules which are attached to the inner lining of their tubes. All eggs are fertilized. Larvae develop in the capsules until they have 3 setigerous segments at which time they enter the plankton. After development of 13-17 setigers they begin to settle out of the plankton and assume a benthic life. 3. Eggs of P. kempi are also deposited in capsules, but in this case only a small percentage are fertilized. The unfertilized eggs fragment into separate yolk granules and are eaten by the developing embryos. After all yolk is devoured the larvae continue their development sustained by this stored food reserve. They remain in the capsule until they have about 15 setigers. They remain in the plankton only a short time before settling and taking up a benthic life.

Keith H. Woodwick

Papers

Reproduction and larval development of pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (okuda) and pseudopolydora kempi (southern) (polychaeta: spionidae).

A Review of the Genus Boccardia Carazzi (Polychaeta: Spionidae) with Descriptions of the New Species

Comparison of Boccardia columbiana Berkeley and Boccardia proboscidea Hartman (Annelida, Polychaeta)

New Species of Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Coast of California

A New Species of Autolytus (Polychaeta: Syllidae) Commensal on a California Hydrocoral