Large numbers and large quantities of endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been released into the environment since World War II. Many of these chemicals can disturb development of the endocrine system and of the organs that respond to endocrine signals in organisms indirectly exposed during prenatal and/or early postnatal life; effects of exposure during development are permanent and irreversible. The risk to the developing organism can also stem from direct exposure of the offspring after birth or hatching. In addition, transgenerational exposure can result from the exposure of the mother to a chemical at any time throughout her life before producing offspring due to persistence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in body fat, which is mobilized during egg laying or pregnancy and lactation. Mechanisms underlying the disruption of the development of vital systems, such as the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems, are discussed with reference to wildlife, laboratory animals, and humans.

Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans.

Background: Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Since the guidelines for the management of these disorders by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) were first published in 2...

https://www.thyca.org/download/document/486/PregnancyandPostpartum.pdf

2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum

Despite the global impact and advances in understanding the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases, the term "stroke" is not consistently defined in clinical practice, in clinical research, or in assessments of the public health. The classic definition is mainly clinical and does not account for advances in science and technology. The Stroke Council of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association convened a writing group to develop an expert consensus document for an updated definition of stroke for the 21st century. Central nervous system infarction is defined as brain, spinal cord, or retinal cell death attributable to ischemia, based on neuropathological, neuroimaging, and/or clinical evidence of permanent injury. Central nervous system infarction occurs over a clinical spectrum: Ischemic stroke specifically refers to central nervous system infarction accompanied by overt symptoms, while silent infarction by definition causes no known symptoms. Stroke also broadly includes intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The updated definition of stroke incorporates clinical and tissue criteria and can be incorporated into practice, research, and assessments of the public health.

An Updated Definition of Stroke for the 21st Century A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

Preface Abstract 1. Basis of ICRP Reference Values 2. Summary of Reference Values 3. Embryo and Fetus 4. Total Body 5. Respiratory System 6. Alimentary System 7. Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems 8. Urogenital System 9. Skeletal System 10. Integumentary System 11. Additional Organs and Tissues 12. Pregnant Woman: Anatomical and Physiological Changes 13. Elemental Composition of the Body Reference

Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection : reference values

Background Thyrotoxicosis has multiple etiologies, manifestations, and potential therapies. Appropriate treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting medical conditions and patient preference. This document describes evidence-based clinical guidelines for the management of thyrotoxicosis that would be useful to generalist and subspecialty physicians and others providing care for patients with this condition. Methods The American Thyroid Association (ATA) previously cosponsored guidelines for the management of thyrotoxicosis that were published in 2011. Considerable new literature has been published since then, and the ATA felt updated evidence-based guidelines were needed. The association assembled a task force of expert clinicians who authored this report. They examined relevant literature using a systematic PubMed search supplemented with additional published materials. An evidence-based medicine approach that incorporated the knowledge and experience of the panel was used to update the 2011 text and recommendations. The strength of the recommendations and the quality of evidence supporting them were rated according to the approach recommended by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Group. Results Clinical topics addressed include the initial evaluation and management of thyrotoxicosis; management of Graves' hyperthyroidism using radioactive iodine, antithyroid drugs, or surgery; management of toxic multinodular goiter or toxic adenoma using radioactive iodine or surgery; Graves' disease in children, adolescents, or pregnant patients; subclinical hyperthyroidism; hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves' orbitopathy; and management of other miscellaneous causes of thyrotoxicosis. New paradigms since publication of the 2011 guidelines are presented for the evaluation of the etiology of thyrotoxicosis, the management of Graves' hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs, the management of pregnant hyperthyroid patients, and the preparation of patients for thyroid surgery. The sections on less common causes of thyrotoxicosis have been expanded. Conclusions One hundred twenty-four evidence-based recommendations were developed to aid in the care of patients with thyrotoxicosis and to share what the task force believes is current, rational, and optimal medical practice.

/pdf/2016-american-thyroid-association-guidelines-for-diagnosis-1a9h72rzxu.pdf

2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis

Clinically oriented anatomy , Clinically oriented anatomy , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Clinically Oriented Anatomy

1. Introduction to The Developing Human 2. The Beginning of Human Development: First Week 3. Formation of Bilaminar Embryonic Disc: Second Week 4. Formation of Germ Layers and Early Tissue and Organ Differentiation: Third Week 5. Organogenetic Period: Fourth to Eighth Weeks 6. The Fetal Period: Ninth Week to Birth 7. Placenta and Fetal Membranes 8. Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm 9. The Pharyngeal Apparatus 10. The Respiratory System 11. The Digestive System 12. The Urogenital System 13. The Cardiovascular System 14. The Skeletal System 15. The Muscular System 16. The Limbs 17. The Nervous System 18. The Eye and Ear 19. The Integumentary System 20. Congenital Anatomical Anomalies or Human Birth Defects 21. Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development Appendix: Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology

Developing human : clinically oriented embryology

The developing human : , The developing human : , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی

The developing human

Essential clinical anatomy , Essential clinical anatomy , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Keith L. Moore

Papers

Clinically Oriented Anatomy

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology

Developing human : clinically oriented embryology

The developing human

Essential Clinical Anatomy