Large numbers and large quantities of endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been released into the environment since World War II. Many of these chemicals can disturb development of the endocrine system and of the organs that respond to endocrine signals in organisms indirectly exposed during prenatal and/or early postnatal life; effects of exposure during development are permanent and irreversible. The risk to the developing organism can also stem from direct exposure of the offspring after birth or hatching. In addition, transgenerational exposure can result from the exposure of the mother to a chemical at any time throughout her life before producing offspring due to persistence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in body fat, which is mobilized during egg laying or pregnancy and lactation. Mechanisms underlying the disruption of the development of vital systems, such as the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems, are discussed with reference to wildlife, laboratory animals, and humans.

Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans.

Despite the global impact and advances in understanding the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases, the term "stroke" is not consistently defined in clinical practice, in clinical research, or in assessments of the public health. The classic definition is mainly clinical and does not account for advances in science and technology. The Stroke Council of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association convened a writing group to develop an expert consensus document for an updated definition of stroke for the 21st century. Central nervous system infarction is defined as brain, spinal cord, or retinal cell death attributable to ischemia, based on neuropathological, neuroimaging, and/or clinical evidence of permanent injury. Central nervous system infarction occurs over a clinical spectrum: Ischemic stroke specifically refers to central nervous system infarction accompanied by overt symptoms, while silent infarction by definition causes no known symptoms. Stroke also broadly includes intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The updated definition of stroke incorporates clinical and tissue criteria and can be incorporated into practice, research, and assessments of the public health.

An Updated Definition of Stroke for the 21st Century A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

Mutations in the gene encoding the homeobox transcription factor NKX2-5 were found to cause nonsyndromic, human congenital heart disease. A dominant disease locus associated with cardiac malformations and atrioventricular conduction abnormalities was mapped to chromosome 5q35, where NKX2-5, a Drosophila tinman homolog, is located. Three different NKX2-5 mutations were identified. Two are predicted to impair binding of NKX2-5 to target DNA, resulting in haploinsufficiency, and a third potentially augments target-DNA binding. These data indicate that NKX2-5 is important for regulation of septation during cardiac morphogenesis and for maturation and maintenance of atrioventricular node function throughout life.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/281/5373/108.full.pdf

Congenital Heart Disease Caused by Mutations in the Transcription Factor NKX2-5

Background Use of angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy is contraindicated because of their association with an increased risk of fetopathy. In contrast, first-trimester use of ACE inhibitors has not been linked to adverse fetal outcomes. We conducted a study to assess the association between exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy only and the risk of congenital malformations. Methods We studied a cohort of 29,507 infants enrolled in Tennessee Medicaid and born between 1985 and 2000 for whom there was no evidence of maternal diabetes. We identified 209 infants with exposure to ACE inhibitors in the first trimester alone, 202 infants with exposure to other antihypertensive medications in the first trimester alone, and 29,096 infants with no exposure to antihypertensive drugs at any time during gestation. Major congenital malformations were identified from linked vital records and hospitalization claims during the first year of life and confirmed by review of medical records. Results

/pdf/major-congenital-malformations-after-first-trimester-f36aowwu3y.pdf

Major Congenital Malformations after First-Trimester Exposure to ACE Inhibitors

Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans

1. Introduction to The Developing Human 2. The Beginning of Human Development: First Week 3. Formation of Bilaminar Embryonic Disc: Second Week 4. Formation of Germ Layers and Early Tissue and Organ Differentiation: Third Week 5. Organogenetic Period: Fourth to Eighth Weeks 6. The Fetal Period: Ninth Week to Birth 7. Placenta and Fetal Membranes 8. Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm 9. The Pharyngeal Apparatus 10. The Respiratory System 11. The Digestive System 12. The Urogenital System 13. The Cardiovascular System 14. The Skeletal System 15. The Muscular System 16. The Limbs 17. The Nervous System 18. The Eye and Ear 19. The Integumentary System 20. Congenital Anatomical Anomalies or Human Birth Defects 21. Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development Appendix: Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology

1 - Introduction to Human Development Importance of and Advances in Embryology Descriptive Terms Clinically Oriented Questions 2 - Human Reproduction Reproductive Organs Female Reproductive Organs Male Reproductive Organs Gametogenesis Meiosis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Comparison of Male and Female Gametes Female Reproductive Cycles Ovarian Cycle Menstrual Cycle Transportation of Gametes Oocyte Transport Sperm Transport Maturation of Sperms Viability of Oocytes and Sperms Clinically Oriented Questions 3 - First Week of Human Development Fertilization Phases of Fertilization Results of Fertilization Cleavage of Zygote Formation of Blastocyst Clinically Oriented Questions 4 - Second Week of Human Development Formation of Amniotic Cavity, Embryonic Disc, and Umbilical Vesicle Development of Chorionic Sac Implantation Sites of Blastocytes Clinically Oriented Questions 5 - Third Week of Human Development Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers Primitive Streak Notochordal Process and Notochord Neurulation: Formation of the Neural Tube Neural Plate and Neural Tube Neural Crest Formation Development of Somites Development of Intraembryonic Coelom Early Development of Cardiovascular System Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis Development of Chorionic Villi Clinically Oriented Questions 6 - Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development Folding of Embryo Head and Tail Folds Lateral Folds Germ Layer Derivatives Control of Embryonic Development Estimation of Embryonic Age Highlights of the Fourth to Eighth Weeks Fourth Week Fifth Week Sixth Week Seventh Week Eighth Week Clinically Oriented Questions 7 - Fetal Period: The Ninth Week to Birth Highlights of Fetal Period Nine to Twelve Weeks Thirteen to Sixteen Weeks Seventeen to Twenty Weeks Twenty-One to Twenty-Five Weeks Twenty-Six to Twenty-Nine Weeks Thirty to Thirty-Eight Weeks Expected Date of Delivery Factors Influencing Fetal Growth Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status Ultrasonography Diagnostic Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling Cell Cultures Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fetal Monitoring Alpha-Fetoprotein Assay Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis Neonatal Period Clinically Oriented Questions 8 - Placenta and Fetal Membranes Placenta Decidua Development of Placenta Fetomaternal Junction Intervillous Space Amniochorionic Membrane Placental Circulation Parturition Stages of Labor Placenta and Fetal membranes after Birth Umbilical Cord Amnion and Amniotic Fluid Significance of Amniotic Fluid Umbilical Vesicle Significance of Umbilical Vesicle Allantois Multiple Pregnancies Twins and Fetal Membranes Other Types of Multiple Births Clinically Oriented Questions 9 - Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm Embryonic Body Cavity Mesenteries Division of Embryonic Body Cavity Development of Diaphragm Septum Transversum Pleuroperitoneal Membranes Dorsal Mesentery of Esophagus Muscular Ingrowth from Lateral Body Walls Positional Changes and Innervation of the Diaphragm Clinically Oriented Questions 10 - Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck Pharyngeal Arches Pharyngeal Arch Components Pharyngeal Pouches Derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouches Pharyngeal Grooves Pharyngeal Membranes Development of Thyroid Gland Development of Tongue Lingual Papillae and Taste Buds Nerve Supply of Tongue Development of Salivary Glands Development of Face Development of Nasal Cavities Paranasal Sinuses Development of Palate Primary Palate Secondary Palate Clinically Oriented Questions 11 - Respiratory System Development of Larynx Development of Trachea Development of Bronchi and Lungs Maturation of Lungs Clinically Oriented Questions 12 - Alimentary System Foregut Development of Esophagus Development of Stomach Development of Duodenum Development of Liver and Biliary Apparatus Development of Pancreas Development of Spleen Midgut Rotation of Midgut Loop Cecum and Appendix Hindgut Cloaca Anal Canal Clinically Oriented Questions 13 - Urogenital System Development of Urinary System Development of Kidneys and Ureters Positional Changes of Kidneys Changes in Blood Supply of Kidneys Development of Urinary Bladder Development of Urethra Development of Suprarenal Glands Development of Genital System Development of Gonads Development of Genital Ducts Development of External Genitalia Development of Inguinal Canals Relocation of Testes and Ovaries Descent of Testes Descent of Ovaries Clinically Oriented Questions 14 - Cardiovascular System Early Development of Heart and Blood Vessels Development of Veins Associated with Embryonic Heart Pharyngeal Arch Arteries and Other Branches of the Dorsal Aorta Fate of Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries Later Development of Heart Circulation through Primordial Heart Partitioning of Primordial Heart Changes in Sinus Venosus Primordial Pulmonary Vein and Formation of Left Atrium Partitioning of Primordial Ventricle Partitioning of Bulbus Cordis and Truncus Arteriosus Development of Cardiac Valves Conducting System of Heart Birth Defects of Heart and Great Vessels Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Derivatives of First Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Derivatives of Third Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Derivatives of Fourth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Fate of Fifth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Derivatives of Sixth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Pharyngeal Arch Arterial Birth Defects Fetal and Neonatal Circulation Fetal Circulation Transitional Neonatal Circulation Derivatives of Fetal Vessels and Structures Development of the Lymphatic System Development of Lymph Nodes Development of Spleen and Tonsils Clinically Oriented Questions 15 - Musculoskeletal System Skeletal System Development of Cartilage and Bone Histogenesis of Cartilage Histogenesis of Bone Development of Joints Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints Development of Axial Skeleton Development of Vertebral Column Cartilaginous Stage of Vertebral Development Bony Stage of Vertebral Development Development of Ribs Development of Sternum Development of Cranium Development of Appendicular Skeleton Muscular System Development of Skeletal Muscle Development of Smooth Muscle Development of Cardiac Muscle Development of Limbs Early Stages of Limb Development Final Stages of Limb Development Cutaneous Innervation of Limbs Blood Supply of Limbs Clinically Oriented Questions 16 - Nervous System Development of Nervous System Development of Spinal Cord Development of Spinal Ganglia Development of Spinal Meninges Positional Changes of Spinal Cord Myelination of Nerve Fibers Birth Defects of Spinal Cord Development of Brain Brain Flexures Hindbrain Myelencephalon Metencephalon Choroid Plexuses and Cerebrospinal Fluid Midbrain Forebrain Congenital Anomalies of Brain Development of Peripheral Nervous System Spinal Nerves Cranial Nerves Development of Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Clinically Oriented Questions 17 - Development of Eyes and Ears Development of Eyes and Related Structures Development of Retina Development of Choroid and Sclera Development of Ciliary Body Development of Iris Development of Lens Development of Aqueous Chambers Development of Cornea Development of Eyelids Development of Lacrimal Glands Development of Ears Development of Internal Ears Development of Middle Ears Development of External Ears Clinically Oriented Questions 18 - Integumentary System Development of Skin and Appendages Epidermis Dermis Development of Glands Development of Hairs Development of Nails Development of Mammary Glands Development of Teeth Bud Stage of Tooth Development Cap Stage of Tooth Development Bell Stage of Tooth Development Tooth Eruption Clinically Oriented Questions 19 - Human Birth Defects Teratology: Study of Abnormal Development Birth Defects Caused by Genetic Factors Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities Birth Defects Caused by Mutant Genes Birth Defects Caused by Environmental Factors Principles of Teratogenesis Human Teratogens Environmental Chemicals as Teratogens Infectious Agents as Teratogens Radiation as a Teratogen Maternal Factors as Teratogens Mechanical Factors as Teratogens Birth Defects Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance Clinically Oriented Questions 20 - The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Development Intercellular Communication Gap Junctions Cell Adhesion Molecules Morphogens Retinoic Acid Transforming Growth Factor-ss/Bone Morphogenetic Protein Sonic Hedgehog Wnt/ss-Catenin Pathway Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Common Features Regulation of Angiogenesis by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Notch-Delta Pathway Transcription Factors Hox/Homeobox Proteins Pax Genes Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors Epigenetics DNA Methylation Histone Modifications Stem Cells: Differentiation versus Pluripotency Summary of Common Signaling Pathways Used during Development Bibliography and Suggested Reading Answers to Clinically Oriented Questions Index

Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects

Before we are born

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The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology

Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects

Before we are born

Comprar The Developing Human. Clinically Oriented Embryology + Online Access | Keith L. Moore | 9781437720020 | Saunders

The Developing Human. Clinically Oriented Embryology + Online Access