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Using Multivariate Statistics

Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control.

Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviorally active substance in the world. Almost all caffeine comes from dietary sources (beverages and food), most of it from coffee and tea. Acute and, especially, chronic caffeine intake appear to have only minor negative consequences on health. For this

Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors That Contribute to Its Widespread Use

The brain's electrical signals enable people without muscle control to physically interact with the world.

Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control

Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd the perception of the visual world to read.

The Perception of the Visual World. By James J. Gibson. U.S.A.: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950 (George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London). Price 35s.

The increasingly popular avenue of web-based distance education places high demand on distance educators to format web pages that facilitate learning. Guidelines regarding appropriate writing styles for web-based distance education, however, do not currently exist. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of four different writing styles on the reader's mental representation of web text. Participants will study hypertext written in one of four web-writing styles (e.g., concise, scannable, objective, and combined) and then be given a cued association task intended to measure participants' mental representations of the studied information. It is hypothesized that the scannable and combined styles will bias readers to scan rather than elaborately read which may result in less dense mental representations relative to the objective and concise writing styles. Further, the use of more descriptors in the objective writing style will lead to better integration of ideas and more dense mental represe...

The Influence of Web-Writing Styles on Reader' Mental Text Representation

Assistive robots need to understand when people need help. Therefore, they need to understand peoples’ action capabilities. One way to enable robots to do so is to program them to attend to the same information that people utilize when perceiving other people’s action capabilities (Jones & Garcia, 2021; Jones & Schmidlin, 2011). Past studies demonstrated that 1) people who are perceiving others’ action capabilities (e.g., ability to climb a stair) attend to relevant properties of the other person (e.g., leg length) in relation to relevant properties of the other person’s environment (e.g., stair riser height), and 2) relevant properties of the other person can include the other person’s physical dimensions, their movements, or both (see Jones & Garcia, 2021 for a review). Such studies provide important insights, but they do not indicate to what exactly do people attend when perceiving whether another person can perform a given action. Toward that end, the current experiment investigated to what do people attend when perceiving whether someone else can reach an object. To do so, 80 participants viewed a set of point-light displays (Johansson, 1973). Each depicted either a tall or short actor and a to-be-reached object. Markers were placed on either the actor’s whole body, upper body, lower body, or ankles; the to-be-reached object was represented by a single point of light. Actors either moved or were still. Participants instructed the experimenter to adjust the height of the to-be-reached object to where the actor could just barely reach it while keeping their feet flat on the ground and standing still (i.e., the actor’s maximum vertical reach height). If participants are sensitive to actors’ action capabilities, then they should judge that the tall actor could reach higher than the short actor. If participants attend to specific body segments when judging the actors’ maximum vertical reach heights, then their judgments should degrade when information about those body segments is unavailable. If participants attend to movements of body segments, then their judgments should degrade when actors do not move. The study utilized a one-within two-between mixed factorial design. The within-subjects factor was Actor Height, which consisted of two levels: Tall Actor and Short Actor. The first between-subjects factor was Actors’ Movement, which consisted of two conditions: Movement Present or Movement Absent. The second between-subjects factor was Actor PointLight Marker Configuration, which consisted of four conditions: Full Body, Upper Body, Lower Body, and Ankles. The dependent variables were the 1) participants’ judgments of the maximum height that the actor could reach and 2) percentage of absolute judgment error. The results revealed that participants were sensitive to actors’ action capabilities, which replicates past findings (Mark, 2007; Stoffregen et al., 1999). Further participants attended to a) something present when either actors’ upper or lower bodies were visible, b) something not present when only actors’ ankles were visible, and c) something present when actors did not move. What might that be? One possibility is object height in relation to actor height. In the Upper Body condition, participants may have attended to the relation between object height and the top of actors’ heads. In the Lower Body condition, participants may have attended to the relation between object height and the length of actors’ legs. Leg length is highly correlated (e.g., r = .88-.90) with overall height (Clarke, 1957), so the relation between object height and actors’ leg lengths should be highly correlated with the relation between object height and actors’ heights. Participants may have utilized the relation between object height and actors’ leg lengths as information about the relation between object height and actors’ heights. In the Ankles condition, participants were not presented with information about actor height. The present results move us towards a better understanding of to what exactly do people attend when perceiving others’ action capabilities and thus closer to being able to program assistive robots to perceive people’s action capabilities (Jones & Garcia, 2021; Jones & Schmidlin, 2011). Continued research in this area will enable assistive robots that can perceive a wide array of human action capabilities.

Keith S. Jones

Papers

The Influence of Web-Writing Styles on Reader' Mental Text Representation

Identifying To What People Attend When Perceiving Others’ Maximum Vertical Reach