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Using Multivariate Statistics

Evaluating Model Fit

Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years?

To enhance land managers’ ability to address deeper landscape meanings and place-specific symbolic values in natural resource decision making, this study evaluated the psychometric properties of a place attachment measure designed to capture the extent of emotions and feelings people have for places. Building on previous measurement efforts, this study examined the validity and generalizability of place attachment across measurement items, places, and dimensions (place dependence and place identity) of attachment. Colorado State University students (n = 65) rated four forest-based recreation sites on two dimensions of place attachment. In addition, data from a sample of University of Illinois students (n = 380) and visitors to Shenandoah National Park (n = 2005) and Mt. Rogers National Recreation Area (n = 369) were analyzed and compared to the Colorado sample. Confirmatory factor analysis of these four data sets demonstrated that subjects distinguish between two dimensions of attachment and assign different levels of attachment to the different areas. Generalizability analysis of the Colorado data provided additional evidence for the two-dimensional structure and suggested that each attachment dimension can be reliably measured with as few as four questionnaire items. Convergent validity was supported through analyses of the relationships between the place attachment measures and both behavioral and psychological variables predicted to be related to place attachment.

https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2003_williams_d001.pdf

The Measurement of Place Attachment: Validity and Generalizability of a Psychometric Approach

Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder

Level of specialization among whitewater recreationists and their attachment to a popular whitewater recreation river in the western United States, the South Fork of the American River, were investigated. Level of specialization was based on individuals' response to a specialization index consisting of 21 different items theoretically linked to level of specialization. Three levels of specialists were identified. Further, dimensions within level of specialization were analyzed to determine their relationship to each place attachment dimension. Attachment was measured by means of a place attachment scale (Moore & Graefe, 1994; Williams & Roggenbuck, 1989). Using principal-components analysis, three place attachment dimensions were identified and named: place dependence, place identity, and lifestyle. A relationship was noted between level of specialization, subsequent dimensions, and place attachment dimensions (i.e., experience level, centrality to lifestyle, involvement, skill level, and expenditure leve...

Level of Specialization and Place Attachment: An Exploratory Study of Whitewater Recreationists

The place attachment construct has demonstrated utility for explaining a variety of leisure behavior in outdoor recreation contexts. Preliminary evidence suggests that recreationists' involvement with leisure activities is an antecedent to their attachment to specific settings. Multidimensional measures of these constructs, however, indicate that linear interpretations of their relations may be misleading. Given that both involvement and place attachment examine recreationists' association with activities and settings, the potential for variation among activity and setting types is high. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to further examine the relationship between involvement and place attachment for hikers along the Appalachian Trail, boaters (i.e., kayakers and rafters) along the South Fork of the American River in California, and anglers in New England. The results illustrated that recreationists' relationships with activities and settings varied among the three groups examined. That is, the ...

An Examination of Recreationists' Relationships with Activities and Settings

Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas: Planning and Management

Predicated on socio-economic changes in the more developed countries, international tourism in less developed countries has become an attractive option for economic development. As international tourism continued to grow however, it became apparent that a range of negative impacts was affected. As a result, sustainable development became a focus for tourism as a development tool. There are several inherent challenges in applying the principles of sustainable development at an operational level in tourism. These include the nature of the tourism industry and product, the fragmented fashion in which critical decisions about tourism are made, and the diverse and often conflicting interests in tourism development held by a broad range of stakeholders. Sustainability under these conditions is an elusive concept and even more of a challenge to implement within the tourism system. This paper considers the pragmatic implications of operationalizing sustainable practices in tourism development vis-a-vis the nature of the tourism industry and product.

Sustainable tourism development: the long road from theory to practice

Tourism, Fiji's largest foreign exchange earner, is growing rapidly. Remote and less developed villages in Fiji's Yasawa archipelago are experiencing some of the greatest tourism growth and impacts on residents' sense of place. This paper uses photo elicitation to address the meanings that residents attach to their “place” (i.e. villages). Photo elicitation provides residents with a “visual voice” and gives researchers insights into the social or cultural characteristics of the village believed to be integral to sustainability. The results indicated that residents value the Fijian village and way of life, the culture and history associated with traditions, and also new technology and its impact on daily life. They also spoke of the importance of protecting the physical environment as central to the continued maintenance of their traditions and lifestyle as well as tourism. These findings would not have been apparent had traditional methods been used to capture the meanings of sense of place. They lend sup...

Kelly S. Bricker

Papers

Level of Specialization and Place Attachment: An Exploratory Study of Whitewater Recreationists

An Examination of Recreationists' Relationships with Activities and Settings

Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas: Planning and Management

Sustainable tourism development: the long road from theory to practice

Exploring Fijian's sense of place after exposure to tourism development