Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Trends in extreme learning machines

The distributed nature and dynamic topology of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) introduces very special requirements in routing protocols that should be met. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network's lifetime. During the recent years, many energy efficient routing protocols have been proposed for WSNs. In this paper, energy efficient routing protocols are classified into four main schemes: Network Structure, Communication Model, Topology Based and Reliable Routing. The routing protocols belonging to the first category can be further classified as flat or hierarchical. The routing protocols belonging to the second category can be further classified as Query-based or Coherent and non-coherent-based or Negotiation-based. The routing protocols belonging to the third category can be further classified as Location-based or Mobile Agent-based. The routing protocols belonging to the fourth category can be further classified as QoS-based or Multipath-based. Then, an analytical survey on energy efficient routing protocols for WSNs is provided. In this paper, the classification initially proposed by Al-Karaki, is expanded, in order to enhance all the proposed papers since 2004 and to better describe which issues/operations in each protocol illustrate/enhance the energy-efficiency issues.

Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

https://www.eecs.ucf.edu/~turgut/Research/Publications/Download/Boukerche-2011-ComputerNetworks.pdf

Survey Paper: Routing protocols in ad hoc networks: A survey

Sensor networks have recently found many popular applications in a number of different settings. Sensors at different locations can generate streaming data, which can be analyzed in real-time to identify events of interest. In this paper, we propose a framework that computes in a distributed fashion an approximation of multi-dimensional data distributions in order to enable complex applications in resource-constrained sensor networks.We motivate our technique in the context of the problem of outlier detection. We demonstrate how our framework can be extended in order to identify either distance- or density-based outliers in a single pass over the data, and with limited memory requirements. Experiments with synthetic and real data show that our method is efficient and accurate, and compares favorably to other proposed techniques. We also demonstrate the applicability of our technique to other related problems in sensor networks.

/pdf/online-outlier-detection-in-sensor-data-using-non-parametric-3n1auqionr.pdf

Online outlier detection in sensor data using non-parametric models

Review: Survey of multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks

Cognitive radio (CR)-based Internet of Things (IoT) system is an effective step toward a world of smart technology. Many frameworks have been proposed to build CR-based IoT systems. The CR-based IoT frameworks are the key points on which this survey focuses. Efficient spectrum sensing and sharing are the main functional components of the CR-based IoT. Reviews of recent SS and sharing approaches are presented in this survey. This survey classifies the SS and sharing approaches and discusses the merits and limitations of those approaches. Moreover, this survey discusses the design factors of the CR-based IoT and the criteria by which the proper SS and access approaches are selected. Furthermore, the survey explores the integration of newly emerging technologies with the CR-based IoT systems. Finally, the survey highlights some emerging challenges and concludes with suggesting future research directions and open issues.

/pdf/technical-issues-on-cognitive-radio-based-internet-of-things-xc8tax2lj6.pdf

Technical Issues on Cognitive Radio-Based Internet of Things Systems: A Survey

Spectrum sensing is one of the essential tasks to have a cognitive radio system, which will allow an unlicensed user, called secondary user, to utilize the spectrum while the licensed user, called primary user, is not occupying it. The spectrum sensing approaches can be classified as blind and knowledge aided approaches. This tutorial summarizes blind spectrum sensing (BSS) approaches that require no prior knowledge of the licensed user’s signal characteristics, specifically for an interweave cognitive radio network model. The tutorial provides a thorough background, major implementations, and limitations of the BSS approaches, which are energy detector approach, maximum to minimum eigenvalue approach, maximum eigenvalue approach, covariance absolute value approach, and covariance Frobenius norm approach. Moreover, the tutorial compares these approaches based on performance metrics and complexity requirements. Furthermore, for a higher interference protection, the combination of two different spectrum sensing approaches, namely two-stage detection technique is presented and discussed. Besides, the tutorial discusses the challenges and possible future research directions. The fundamental objective of this tutorial is to provide insightful views and design aspects of BSS approach to researchers. For this purpose, the tutorial includes pseudo codes and simulation examples to illustrate more about the practical aspects of the above-mentioned approaches.

Blind Spectrum Sensing Approaches for Interweaved Cognitive Radio System: A Tutorial and Short Course

This paper introduces a game theoretic method, called forwarding dilemma game (FDG), which controls routing overhead in dense multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. The players of the game are the wireless nodes with set of strategies {Forward, Not forward}. The game is played whenever an arbitrary node in the network receives a flooding packet. In FDG, every player needs to know the number of players of the game. That is why a neighbor discovery protocol (NDP) is introduced. In order for NDP to function, a field is attached to the flooding packets (routing overhead packets). The mixed strategy Nash equilibrium is used as a solution for the FDG. This provides the probability that the flooding packet would be forwarded by the receiver node. FDG with NDP is implemented in AODV protocol in Network Simulator NS-2 to verify its performance with simulations. FDG with NDP improves performance of the AODV compared to the same network with only AODV protocol in moderate and high node densities. FDG can be applied to any routing protocol that uses flooding in the route discovery phase.

/pdf/game-theoretic-approach-in-routing-protocol-for-wireless-ad-2pgun2x7pn.pdf

Game theoretic approach in routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, energy saving dynamic source routing (ESDSR) protocol is introduced to maximize the life-span of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Many theoretical studies show that energy consumption in MANET can be significantly reduced using energy-aware routing protocols compared to fixed-power minimum-hop routing protocols. Two approaches are broadly suggested for energy-aware routing protocols - transmission power control approach and load sharing approach. ESDSR integrates the advantages of those two approaches. In ESDSR, the routing decision is based on a load balancing approach. Once a routing decision is made, link by link transmit power adjustment per packet is done based on a transmit power control approach. We modified dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol to make it energy aware by a network simulator (network simulator-2 of University of California). The simulation results show that the proposed ESDSR can save energy up to 40% per packet and it can send 20 % more packets to destinations by spending the same battery power in compare to DSR.

Kemal E. Tepe

Papers

Review: Survey of multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks

Technical Issues on Cognitive Radio-Based Internet of Things Systems: A Survey

Blind Spectrum Sensing Approaches for Interweaved Cognitive Radio System: A Tutorial and Short Course

Game theoretic approach in routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

Energy saving dynamic source routing for ad hoc wireless networks