http://icta.uab.cat/Etnoecologia/Docs/[225]-Reyes-Garcia_LossTEKEHB13.pdf

Evidence of traditional knowledge loss among a contemporary indigenous society

Europe's place in history is re-assessed in this first comprehensive history of the ancient world, centering on the Indian Ocean and its role in pre-modern globalization. Philippe Beaujard presents an ambitious and comprehensive global history of the Indian Ocean world, from the earliest state formations to 1500 CE. Supported by a wealth of empirical data, full color maps, plates, and figures, he shows how Asia and Africa dominated the economic and cultural landscape and the flow of ideas in the pre-modern world. This led to a trans-regional division of labor and an Afro-Eurasian world economy. Beaujard questions the origins of capitalism and hints at how this world-system may evolve in the future. The result is a reorienting of world history, taking the Indian Ocean, rather than Europe, as the point of departure. Volume II provides in-depth coverage of the period from the seventh century CE to the fifteenth century CE.

The Worlds of the Indian Ocean: A Global History

A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe.

Multilevel selection is a powerful theoretical framework for understanding how complex hierarchical systems evolve by iteratively adding control levels. Here I apply this framework to a major transition in human social evolution, from small-scale egalitarian groups to large-scale hierarchical societies such as states and empires. A major mathematical result in multilevel selection, the Price equation, specifies the conditions concerning the structure of cultural variation and selective pressures that promote evolution of larger-scale societies. Specifically, large states should arise in regions where culturally very different people are in contact, and where interpolity competition – warfare – is particularly intense. For the period of human history from the Axial Age to the Age of Discovery (c.500 BCE–1500 CE), conditions particularly favorable for the rise of large empires obtained on steppe frontiers, contact regions between nomadic pastoralists and settled agriculturalists. An empirical investigation of warfare lethality, focusing on the fates of populations of conquered cities, indicates that genocide was an order of magnitude more frequent in steppe-frontier wars than in wars between culturally similar groups. An overall empirical test of the theory’s predictions shows that over ninety percent of largest historical empires arose in world regions classified as steppe frontiers.

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Warfare and the Evolution of Social Complexity: A Multilevel-Selection Approach

Application of the Samurai Way is applied as a strategy for all areas of life here - the home, the battleground and the boardroom. The West is discovering what the Japanese have always known.

五輪書 = The book of five rings

Introduction Part I: 1. The Steppe Highway: the rise of pastoral nomadism as a Eurasian phenomenon 2. Bronze, iron and gold: the evolution of nomadic cultures on the northern frontier of China Part II: 3. Beasts and birds: the historical context of early Chinese perceptions of northern peoples 4. Walls and horses: the beginning of historical contacts between horse-riding Nomads and Chinese states Part III: 5. Those who draw the bow: the rise of the Hsiung-nu Nomadic Empire and the political unification of the Nomads 6. From peace to war: China's shift from appeasement to military engagement Part IV: 7. In search of grass and water: ethnography and history of the North in the Historian's Records 8. Taming the North: the rationalization of the nomads in Ssu-ma Ch'ien's historical thought Conclusion.

Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History . By Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ix, 369 pp. $70.00 (cloth).

A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592–1598

The Japanese invasion of Korea (1592-98) has recently been called Asia's first "regional world war." It marked the first time in Asian history that massive armies equipped with modern weaponry faced one another on the field of battle. The Japanese armies com- manded by the warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi were arguably the most skilled in the world at the time, yet in the end the Japanese were defeated by a Sino-Korean alliance in tandem with Korean guerril- las. Looking at the primary documents of the war, it seems apparent that military technology was the single most important, but not the only, factor that shaped the direction and determined the outcome of the war. This article presents an overview of some of the major military technologies utilized by the belligerents and challenges con- ventional interpretations of the conflict, passed down through the centuries, that claim Japan's defeat was due to superior allied num- bers and Hideyoshi's death.

Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592-1598

(2002). Deceit, Disguise, and Dependence: China, Japan, and the Future of the Tributary System, 1592–1596. The International History Review: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 757-782.

Deceit, Disguise, and Dependence: China, Japan, and the Future of the Tributary System, 1592–1596

One of the great advantages to studying and writing about Chinese history, as opposed to say Western European or American history, is that there are so many gaps in our basic knowledge that remain to be filled, even for relatively well known and better documented periods like the Ming and Qing dynasties. The advantage of this situation for scholars of China in the West is that almost every new monograph helps to fill in more gaps and contains at least something of relevance for anyone working in a particular era or specialty. Nevertheless, there are some drawbacks, as readers of this journal are certainly well aware. For while on the one hand this state of affairs provides researchers with ample opportunity to carve out their own niches in the field, it also sometimes means that there are often few monographs to which one can respond or build upon when writing a new work. The end result is often that we are forced to rely upon single works for in-depth knowledge of a particular topic or event, as the need to do something new outweighs the desire to engage in deeper study of something that has already been covered. Such is not the case with this book, which manages to both respond to and build upon earlier works in English, Chinese, and Japanese, while at the same time illuminating important aspects of late Qing social history which have so far gone understudied. For as the author himself puts it, \"Only by going beyond the Confucian-dominated stereotypes to examine the poor, marginalized, and criminalized elements in society can we understand more fully and accurately the social history of late imperial China\" (p. 164). In addition to presenting an often graphically detailed overview of the lives of pirates and seafarers in late imperial South China,

Kenneth M. Swope

Papers

Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History . By Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ix, 369 pp. $70.00 (cloth).

A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592–1598

Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592-1598

Deceit, Disguise, and Dependence: China, Japan, and the Future of the Tributary System, 1592–1596

Like Froth Floating on the Sea: The World of Pirates and Seafarers in Late Imperial South China