Electrodes carrying FAD-dependent enzymes on their surface are enclosed. The FAD is modified to include a functional group or moiety which affects the properties of the enzyme. The functional group or moiety can be a binding moiety through which the FAD-enzyme complex is immobilized onto the electrode; it can be an electron mediator group for transferring electrons between the electrode and the FAD; or it can be a photoisomerizable group which can undergo photoisomerization which yields a change in the rate of the electrically induced catalytic activity of the enzyme. The electrodes can be used in electrochemical systems for deforming analytes in liquid medium or for recordal of optical signals.

Kenryo Namba

Papers

Normal and reverse photochromism of 1-(beta-carboxyethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-6′-nitrospiro(indoline-2,2′-2h-benzopyran) in water-dioxane