Acetone-butanol fermentation revisited.

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte Monitoring Device And Methods Of Use

Application of conducting polymers to biosensors.

A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy.

In the past few years, spiropyran has emerged as the molecule-of-choice for the construction of novel dynamic materials. This unique molecular switch undergoes structural isomerisation in response to a variety of orthogonal stimuli, e.g. light, temperature, metal ions, redox potential, and mechanical stress. Incorporation of this switch onto macromolecular supports or inorganic scaffolds allows for the creation of robust dynamic materials. This review discusses the synthesis, switching conditions, and use of dynamic materials in which spiropyran has been attached to the surfaces of polymers, biomacromolecules, inorganic nanoparticles, as well as solid surfaces. The resulting materials show fascinating properties whereby the state of the switch intimately affects a multitude of useful properties of the support. The utility of the spiropyran switch will undoubtedly endow these materials with far-reaching applications in the near future.

/pdf/spiropyran-based-dynamic-materials-4c1onvrhup.pdf

Spiropyran-based dynamic materials

Three measurement techniques are now in use for the determination of organic pollution (1): the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test, and various instrumental methods most of which utilize infrared analyzers. The BOD test has remained a standard pollution monitoring tool since 1936 (2). However, the BOD test requires a 5 day incubation period at 20°C. Many papers have been published on methods for a rapid estimation of 5 day BOD (2). However, these methods are not in fact rapid or simple.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bit.22232

Microbial electrode BOD sensors.

Principe et mise en oeuvre d'un detecteur enzymatique multifonctionnel permettant d'evaluer simultanement trois composes, l'inosine 5'-phosphate, l'inosine et l'hypoxanthine

Determination of fish freshness with an enzyme sensor system

Continous hydrogen production by immobilized whole cells of Clostridium butyricum

A microbial electrode consisting of immobilized living whole cells of yeasts, porous membrane and an oxygen electrode was prepared for continuous estimation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Immobilized Trichosporon cutaneum was employed for the microbial electrode sensor for BOD. When a sample solution containing the equivalent amount of glucose and glutamic acid was injected into the sensor system, the current of the electrode decreased markedly with time until steady state was reached. The response time was within 18 min. A linear relationship was observed between the current decrease and the concentration below 41 mg l
− of glucose and 41 mg l
− glutamic acid (5-day BOD 60 mg l
−). The current decrease was reproducible within ± 6% of the relative error when a sample solution containing 27 mg l
− of glucose and 27 mg l
− of glutamic acid (5-day BOD 40 mg l
−) was employed. The microbial electrode sensor was applied to untreated waste waters from a fermentation factory. Good comparative results were obtained between BOD estimated by the microbial electrode and that determined by the conventional 5-day method (regression coefficient was 1.2). Furthermore, the effect of various compounds on BOD estimation was also examined. The current output of the microbial electrode sensor was almost constant for 17 d and 400 tests.

Amperometric estimation of BOD by using living immobilized yeasts

A bacteria utilizing biochemical fuel cell has been investigated. Previously, the authors applied the hydrogenase system of a microbial cell to the anodic reaction of a biochemical fuel cell. In the anodic reaction of the biochemical fuel cell, hydrogenase from Escherichia coli was involved and methylene blue was used as an organic redox compound. One of the first biochemical fuel cell systems designed to use hydrogen was developed by Rohrback et al. They reported on the production of hydrogen from glucose by Clostridium butyricum. The production of the hydrogen from the fermentation of glucose by C. butyricum and the utilization of hydrogen as a reactant at the anode in a hydrogen oxygen (air) fuel cell were mentioned by DelDuca et al. However, the hydrogen producing system, especially hydrogenase, was very unstable. Therefore, continuous hydrogen production by intact cells was difficult. Recently, hydrogen was produced continuously by immobilized whole cells. The anode reaction of a biochemical fuel cell which utilizes immobilized bacteria is described.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bit.260191112

Shuichi Suzuki

Papers

Microbial electrode BOD sensors.

Determination of fish freshness with an enzyme sensor system

Continous hydrogen production by immobilized whole cells of Clostridium butyricum

Amperometric estimation of BOD by using living immobilized yeasts

Biochemical fuel cell utilizing immobilized cells of clostridium butyricum