From the Publisher: 
The accessible presentation of this book gives both a general view of the entire computer vision enterprise and also offers sufficient detail to be able to build useful applications. Users learn techniques that have proven to be useful by first-hand experience and a wide range of mathematical methods. A CD-ROM with every copy of the text contains source code for programming practice, color images, and illustrative movies. Comprehensive and up-to-date, this book includes essential topics that either reflect practical significance or are of theoretical importance. Topics are discussed in substantial and increasing depth. Application surveys describe numerous important application areas such as image based rendering and digital libraries. Many important algorithms broken down and illustrated in pseudo code. Appropriate for use by engineers as a comprehensive reference to the computer vision enterprise.

Computer vision : a modern approach = 计算机视觉 : 一种现代的方法

The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

Jets, ie collimated streams of matter, occur from the microscale up to the large-scale structure of the universe Our focus will be mostly on surface tension effects, which result from the cohesive properties of liquids Paradoxically, cohesive forces promote the breakup of jets, widely encountered in nature, technology and basic science, for example in nuclear fission, DNA sampling, medical diagnostics, sprays, agricultural irrigation and jet engine technology Liquid jets thus serve as a paradigm for free-surface motion, hydrodynamic instability and singularity formation leading to drop breakup In addition to their practical usefulness, jets are an ideal probe for liquid properties, such as surface tension, viscosity or non-Newtonian rheology They also arise from the last but one topology change of liquid masses bursting into sprays Jet dynamics are sensitive to the turbulent or thermal excitation of the fluid, as well as to the surrounding gas or fluid medium The aim of this review is to provide a unified description of the fundamental and the technological aspects of these subjects

Physics of liquid jets

This chapter deals with capillary instability of straight free liquid jets moving in air. It begins with linear stability theory for small perturbations of Newtonian liquid jets and discusses the unstable modes, characteristic growth rates, temporal and spatial instabilities and their underlying physical mechanisms. The linear theory also provides an estimate of the main droplet size emerging from capillary breakup. Formation of satellite modes is treated in the framework of either asymptotic methods or direct numerical simulations. Then, such additional effects like thermocapillarity, or swirl are taken into account. In addition, quasi-one-dimensional approach for description of capillary breakup is introduced and illustrated in detail for Newtonian and rheologically complex liquid jets (pseudoplastic, dilatant, and viscoelastic polymeric liquids).

Handbook of Atomization and Sprays

Simulation of liquid jet primary breakup: Dynamics of ligament and droplet formation

An experimental investigation of the primary breakup of nonturbulent round liquid jets in gas crossflow is described. Pulsed shadowgraph and holograph observations of jet primary breakup regimes, conditions for the onset of breakup, properties of waves observed along the liquid surface, drop sue and velocity properties resulting from breakup and conditions required for the breakup of the liquid column as a whole, were obtained for air crossflows at normal temperature and pressure. When combined with the earlier studies of Mazallon et al. (1999), the test range included crossflow Weber numbers of 02000, liquidgas momentum ratios of 100-8000, liquidgas density ratios of 683-1021, and Ohnesorge numbers of 0.003-0.12. The results suggest qualitative similarities between the primary breakup of nonturbulent round liquid jets in crossflows and the secondary breakup of drops subjected to shock wave disturbances (e.g., bag, multimode and shear breakup regimes are observed in both instances) with relatively little effect of the liquidgas momentum ratio on breakup properties over the present test range. Effects of liquid viscosity were also small for present observations where Ohnesorge numbers were less than 0.4. Phenomenological analyses were successful for helping to interpret and correlate the properties of primary breakup of round liquid jets in gas crossflows that were measured during the present investigation.

/pdf/breakup-of-round-nonturbulent-liquid-jets-in-gaseous-2o1bvmateb.pdf

Breakup of round nonturbulent liquid jets in gaseous crossflow

Liquid breakup at the surface of turbulent round liquid jets in still gases

Bag breakup of nonturbulent liquid jets in crossflow

An experimental investigation of the deformation and breakup properties of turbulent round liquid jets in uniform gaseous crossflows is described. Pulsed shadowgraph and holograph observations were obtained for turbulent round liquid jets injected normal to air crossflow in a shock tube. Crossflow velocities of the air behind the shock wave relative to the liquid jet were subsonic (36-90 m/s) and the air in this region was at normal temperature and pressure. Liquid injection was done by a pressure feed system through round tubes having inside diameters of 1 and 2 mm and length-to-diameter ratios greater than 100 to provide fully developed turbulent pipe flow at the jet exit. Test conditions were as follows: water and ethyl alcohol as test liquids, crossflow Weber numbers based on gas properties of 0-282, streamwise Weber numbers based on liquid properties of 1400-32,200, liquid/gas density ratios of 683 and 845, and jet exit Reynolds numbers based on liquid properties of 7100-48,200, all at conditions in which direct effects of liquid viscosity were small (Ohnesorge numbers were less than 0.12). Measurements were carried out to determine conditions required for the onset of breakup, ligament and drop sizes along the liquid surface, drop velocities after breakup, liquid column breakup as whole, rates of turbulent primary breakup, and liquid column trajectories. Phenomenological theories proved to be quite successful in interpreting and correlating the measurements.

Primary Breakup of Turbulent Round Liquid Jets in Uniform Crossflows

The formation of ligaments and drops at the liquid surface during primary breakup of turbulent liquid jets in still air, that is, during turbulent primary breakup, was studied experimentally using pulsed shadowgraphy and holography. Experimental conditions included round and plane (the latter actually being annular with a large aspect ratio) turbulent liquid jets in still air at normal temperature and pressure for noncavitating water and ethanol flows, long length/hydraulic-diameter (greater than 40:1) injector passages to provide fully developed turbulent pipe flow at the jet exit, jet exit Reynolds numbers of 6 x 10 3 -4.24 × 10 5 , jet exit Weber numbers of 200-300,000, and liquid/gas density ratios of 690 and 860 at conditions where direct effects of liquid viscosity were small (for example, jet exit Ohnesorge numbers were smaller than 0.0053). Measured properties included liquid surface velocities, conditions at the onset of ligament and drop formation, ligament and drop sizes along the surface, and ligament and drop velocities along the surface and rates of drop formation along the surface. Simplified phenomenological theories were used to help interpret and correlate the measurements

Khaled Sallam

Papers

Breakup of round nonturbulent liquid jets in gaseous crossflow

Liquid breakup at the surface of turbulent round liquid jets in still gases

Bag breakup of nonturbulent liquid jets in crossflow

Primary Breakup of Turbulent Round Liquid Jets in Uniform Crossflows

Surface Properties During Primary Breakup of Turbulent Liquid Jets in Still Air