A super-peer is a node in a peer-to-peer network that operates both as a server to a set of clients, and as an equal in a network of super-peers. Super-peer networks strike a balance between the efficiency of centralized search, and the autonomy, load balancing and robustness to attacks provided by distributed search. Furthermore, they take advantage of the heterogeneity of capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, processing power) across peers, which recent studies have shown to be enormous. Hence, new and old P2P systems like KaZaA and Gnutella are adopting super-peers in their design. Despite their growing popularity, the behavior of super-peer networks is not well understood. For example, what are the potential drawbacks of super-peer networks? How can super-peers be made more reliable? How many clients should a super-peer take on to maximize efficiency? we examine super-peer networks in detail, gaming an understanding of their fundamental characteristics and performance tradeoffs. We also present practical guidelines and a general procedure for the design of an efficient super-peer network.

Designing an Super-Peer Network

海外文献紹介 IEEE Communications Society Subject Matter Experts for Publication in the IEEE ICC 2006 Proceedings 特集

Future generations of mobile operator networks, based on an all-IP-based flat architecture and a multitude of different access technologies, require a proper IP-based mobility management in place. In this article, a scalable and completely distributed mobility management is presented which is based on a Distributed Hash Table data structure. The Distributed IP Mobility Approach (DIMA) remains completely compatible towards Mobile IP and its variants Hierarchical Mobile IP and Proxy Mobile IP. We examine the average service time per packet and the load caused by lookups in the system, by applying a suitable mobility model and by using a traffic model consisting of a mix of representative traffic classes (HTTP, VoIP, Audio and Video streaming). Thereby, we show that the system remains scalable allowing to serve an arbitrary amount of participants, provides a network-based route optimization and a better resilience than Mobile IP at the cost of only slightly increased signalling effort.

A Distributed IP Mobility Approach for 3G SAE

Recirculation buffer modules combining arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs), tunable wavelength converters (TWCs), and fiber delay lines (FDLs) have been proposed to bypass the existing switching bottlenecks in massive-scale data centers. Performance studies of such subsystems are devoted exclusively to either the network layer or the physical layer aspects. Network layer studies consider packet drops only due to limited buffering capacity and ignore the critical role of the physical layer in degrading signal quality. Purely physical layer studies, on the other hand, are oblivious to contention-based drops and load transients. As a result, neither approach is able to estimate accurately the performance characteristics of buffer modules as key elements in optical data centers. In this theoretical work, we integrate the network layer and the physical layer effects into a single analysis framework to compare various recirculation buffer module designs in terms of throughput, delay, signal quality, and complexity. We primarily compare the designs in terms of two metrics: maximum operating load and Q-factor degradation impact. Our Monte Carlo simulations indicate that Q-factor degradation has the dominant role in determining the buffer module performance over a wide range of load values, resulting in significant bandwidth limitations. In order to implement optical packet switching in data centers, tradeoffs between physical layer quality requirements and forward error correction (FEC) overheads should be carefully investigated.

Cross-Layer Performance Analysis of Recirculation Buffers for Optical Data Centers

This paper describes current and proposed protocols for mobility management for public land mobile network (PLMN)-based networks, mobile Internet protocol (IP) wireless asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and satellite networks. The integration of these networks will be discussed in the context of the next evolutionary step of wireless communication networks. First, a review is provided of location management algorithms for personal communication systems (PCS) implemented over a PLMN network. The latest protocol changes for location registration and handoff are investigated for mobile IP followed by a discussion of proposed protocols for wireless ATM and satellite networks. Finally, an outline of open problems to be addressed by the next generation of wireless network service is discussed.

Mobility Management in Next Generation Wireless Systems.

With the increasing number of wireless devices, the importance of mobility management in future mobile networks is growing. Traditional mobility management approaches are based on client/server paradigms, and suffer from their well-known shortcomings (single point of failure, congestion, bottlenecks). With the success of P2P for file sharing applications, we believe that its benefits can be brought into new mobility management schemes to improve their scalability, robustness, availability, and performance. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is a first attempt to examine the potential of P2P concepts for mobility management. We perform experiments to quantify the performance of the proposed scheme, and compare it to traditional approaches such as Mobile IP.

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Peer-to-Peer Mobility Management for all-IP Networks

With the increasing number of wireless devices, the importance of mobility management in future mobile networks is growing. In addition, the number of access technologies available to those wireless devices is more diversified, leading to further heterogeneity and the need for convergence of mobility management solutions. Furthermore, traditional mobility management solutions, which are based on client/server paradigms, suffer from the shortcoming of such centralized solutions (single point of failure, congestion, bottlenecks). With the initial success of peer-to-peer for file sharing applications, and based on our previous attempt to exploit its benefits by proposing novel horizontal mobility management schemes, we examine in this paper the potential of peer-to-peer for vertical mobility management. We also perform extensive simulations to quantify the performance of our proposed peer-to-peer vertical mobility management scheme.

Peer-to-Peer Vertical Mobility Management

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems have witnessed an explosive growth in popularity due to their desirable characteristics (robustness, scalability, availability). In this paper, we present an approach to bring these characteristics into the control plane of IP networks, which mainly relies on signaling protocols such as SIP to setup multimedia and instant messaging sessions. We present a structured P2P control plane based on modifications to the original Chord P2P topology, resulting in a hierarchical overlay of SIP peers that replaces traditional client-server paradigms in control plane signaling protocols. Implementations were used to study the performance of the proposed structured P2P control plane, and its suitability for use in IP networks.

/pdf/structured-peer-to-peer-control-plane-4rfi449vd8.pdf

Structured Peer-to-Peer Control Plane

Data and telephone service providers have started considering migration to an IP based environment This paper presents an unstructured peer-to-peer approach to initiating and maintaining sessions over IP using session initiation protocol (SIP) The offered solution is completely modular and is compatible with traditional server-client based approaches using SIP The peer-to-peer nature of our design allows it to be highly scalable and self managing with low maintenance costs, making it an attractive solution for service providers

/pdf/unstructured-peer-to-peer-session-over-ip-using-sip-3z7tjcgpqi.pdf

Unstructured peer-to-peer session over IP using SIP

We compare network designs in terms of scale, density, bandwidth, and uniformity of connectivity. We consider all-electronic switching, all-optical switching and hybrid switching with optical WDM interconnection for a datacenter with 10 million microprocessor cores.

Khashayar Khavari

Papers

Peer-to-Peer Mobility Management for all-IP Networks

Peer-to-Peer Vertical Mobility Management

Structured Peer-to-Peer Control Plane

Unstructured peer-to-peer session over IP using SIP

Optical switching and scalability in datacenters