Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires

Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd preventing chronic diseases a vital investment to read.

Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/94273/idj12007.pdf;sequence=1

Minimal intervention dentistry for managing dental caries - a review: report of a FDI task group.

Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Use of Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweeteners

Epidemic obesity and diabetes encouraged the changes in population lifestyle and consumers’ food products awareness. Food industry has responded people’s demand by producing a number of energy-reduced products with sugar alcohols as sweeteners. These compounds are usually produced by a catalytic hydrogenation of carbohydrates, but they can be also found in nature in fruits, vegetables or mushrooms as well as in human organism. Due to their properties, sugar alcohols are widely used in food, beverage, confectionery and pharmaceutical industries throughout the world. They have found use as bulk sweeteners that promote dental health and exert prebiotic effect. They are added to foods as alternative sweeteners what might be helpful in the control of calories intake. Consumption of low-calorie foods by the worldwide population has dramatically increased, as well as health concerns associated with the consequent high intake of sweeteners. This review deals with the role of commonly used sugar alcohols such as erythritol, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol as sugar substitutes in food industry.

/pdf/sugar-alcohols-their-role-in-the-modern-world-of-sweeteners-17ovjgid68.pdf

Sugar alcohols—their role in the modern world of sweeteners: a review

Xylitol is promoted in caries-preventive strategies, yet its effective dose range is unclear This study determined the dose-response of mutans streptococci in plaque and unstimulated saliva to xylitol gum Participants (n = 132) were randomized: controls (G1) (sorbitol/maltitol), or combinations giving xylitol 344 g/day (G2), 688 g/day (G3), or 1032 g/day (G4) Groups chewed 3 pellets/4 times/d Samples were taken at baseline, 5 wks, and 6 mos, and were cultured on modified Mitis Salivarius agar for mutans streptococci and on blood agar for total culturable flora At 5 wks, mutans streptococci levels in plaque were 10x lower than baseline in G3 and G4 (P = 0007/0003) There were no differences in saliva At 6 mos, mutans streptococci in plaque for G3 and G4 remained 10x lower than baseline (P = 0007/004) Saliva for G3 and G4 was lower than baseline by 8 to 9x (P = 0011/0038) Xylitol at 644 g/day and 1032 g/day reduces mutans streptococci in plaque at 5 wks, and in plaque and unstimulated sal

Mutans Streptococci Dose Response to Xylitol Chewing Gum

The purpose of this report was to provide an overview of xylitol and other polyol sweeteners and dental caries for clinicians and to discuss current applications for dental practice and potential community-based public health interventions. Xylitol, like other polyol sweeteners, is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol. Studies suggest polyols are noncariogenic. Furthermore, studies indicate that xylitol can decrease mutans streptococci levels in plaque and saliva and can reduce dental caries in young children, mothers, and in children via their mothers. Food products containing xylitol are now available and have the potential to be widely accessible to consumers to help control rampant decay. Determining whether products contain adequate xylitol amounts for practical use towards prevention is challenging, however, because xylitol content is not clearly labeled. Sufficient evidence exists to support the use of xylitol to reduce caries. Clinicians and dental associations should push for clear recommendations of efficacious dose and frequency of xylitol use and for clear labeling of xylitol content in products to help consumers choose appropriately.

Xylitol, sweeteners, and dental caries.

Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of a xylitol pediatric topical oral syrup to reduce the incidence of dental caries of very young children.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/381783/poa80110_601_607.pdf

Xylitol Pediatric Topical Oral Syrup to Prevent Dental Caries A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial of Efficacy

Background The authors provide an overview of chewing gum as a delivery vehicle for dental-protective agents, highlighting xylitol and its potential application in caries-prevention programs for children. Types of Studies Reviewed The authors reviewed selected clinical investigations and previous reviews associated with chewing gum containing substances such as calcium, bicarbonate, carbamide, chlorhexidine, fluoride and xylitol and their effects on reducing caries. They searched the MEDLINE database by using the key words “dental caries,” “oral health,” “calcium,” “bicarbonate,” “carbamide,” “chlorhexidine,” “fluoride” and “xylitol.” Results Chewing gum is being used as a delivery vehicle for substances such as calcium, bicarbonate, carbamide, chlorhexidine, fluoride and xylitol to improve oral health and reduce caries. These substances exhibit properties that are protective of the oral environment and mediate common oral diseases. The debate for advocating xylitol use in caries prevention is advancing; however, chewing gum use by young schoolchildren in the United States is hindered by choking hazard concerns and lack of specific xylitol dosing recommendations. Clinical Implications The use of chewing gum containing dental-protective substances, particularly xylitol, in caries-prevention programs can reduce the tooth decay epidemic. Chewing gum use by children in the school setting should be reconsidered.

Kiet A. Ly

Papers

Mutans Streptococci Dose Response to Xylitol Chewing Gum

Xylitol, sweeteners, and dental caries.

Xylitol Pediatric Topical Oral Syrup to Prevent Dental Caries A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial of Efficacy

The Potential of Dental-Protective Chewing Gum in Oral Health Interventions

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from dental school clinic surfaces and students