This paper reviews recent progress made in identifying electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to produce low-carbon fuels, including CO, HCOOH/HCOO−, CH2O, CH4, H2C2O4/HC2O4−, C2H4, CH3OH, CH3CH2OH and others. The electrocatalysts are classified into several categories, including metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, metal complexes, polymers/clusters, enzymes and organic molecules. The catalyts' activity, product selectivity, Faradaic efficiency, catalytic stability and reduction mechanisms during CO2 electroreduction have received detailed treatment. In particular, we review the effects of electrode potential, solution–electrolyte type and composition, temperature, pressure, and other conditions on these catalyst properties. The challenges in achieving highly active and stable CO2 reduction electrocatalysts are analyzed, and several research directions for practical applications are proposed, with the aim of mitigating performance degradation, overcoming additional challenges, and facilitating research and development in this area.

A review of catalysts for the electroreduction of carbon dioxide to produce low-carbon fuels

Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.

Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance

Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C-F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metal-fluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.

/pdf/introduction-of-fluorine-and-fluorine-containing-functional-1i8kwiad20.pdf

Introduction of Fluorine and Fluorine-Containing Functional Groups

Anti-cancer drugs

Odd-electron, redox-active ligands are discussed in the context of catalysis. We focus on ligand-based, non-singlet state intermediates and their participation in catalytic processes and related stoichiometric transformations.

Redox-active ligands in catalysis

The review summarises data on transition metal complexes with the so-called non-innocent ligands. The specific feature of these complexes is that the oxidation state of the central metal atom and the electronic structure of the ligands are impossible to determine a priori and unambiguously. The results of experimental studies (spectroscopic, electrochemical, X-ray diffraction) of complexes with various non-innocent ligands are analysed. Particular attention is given to their structures and redox properties.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/RC2005v074n06ABEH000977/pdf

Kim P. Butin

Papers

Metal complexes with non-innocent ligands

Reactivity of lanthanide and yttrium hydrides and hydrocarbyls toward organosilicon hydrides and related compounds

Structure and solvent effects in organomercuric electrochemistry. Polarographical scale of CH bond acidities

Acidities of some fluorine substituted CH acids

Stability of organo-mercury, -thallium, -tin and -lead complexes with anionic and neutral ligands