Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: A review.

The anthropogenic inputs of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] have increased enormously during the past few decades and has become a challenge for life on earth and hence removal of this carcinogen has become the need of the hour. Cr(VI) removal through common physicochemical techniques is highly expensive and inappropriate at low concentration. Microbial reduction of Cr(VI) to trivalent form is considered a favorable technique for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater, as it reduces the highly toxic form of Cr to less toxic form and therefore the article conveys essential fundamental information on removal of Cr(VI) by bacteria. For efficient bioremoval of Cr(VI),the main machinery of the process, the microbes, and their conditions, which decide the fate of this heavy metal, should be appropriate. Hence, the authors cover vast information about the isolation of chromium-resistant bacteria from various environment and their Cr(VI) resistance capability. An extensive report is given on information pertaining to the fa...

Chromium-Resistant Bacteria and Their Environmental Condition for Hexavalent Chromium Removal: A Review

Enzyme-assisted extraction and identification of antioxidative and α-amylase inhibitory peptides from Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinto).

Mechanisms underlying the effect of polysaccharides in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A review

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients and a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Degenerative changes such as glomerular hypertrophy, hyperfiltration, widening of basement membranes, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis and podocytopathy manifest in various degrees of proteinuria in DN. One of the key mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of DN is non-enzymatic glycation (NEG). NEG is the irreversible attachment of reducing sugars onto free amino groups of proteins by a series of events, which include the formation of Schiff's base and an Amadori product to yield advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGE modification of client proteins from the extracellular matrix induces crosslinking, which is often associated with thickening of the basement membrane. AGEs activate several intracellular signaling cascades upon interaction with receptor for AGEs (RAGE), which manifest in aberrant cellular responses such as inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy, whereas other receptors such as AGE-R1, AGE-R3 and scavenger receptors also bind to AGEs and ensue endocytosis and degradation of AGEs. Elevated levels of both serum and tissue AGEs are associated with adverse renal outcome. Increased evidence supports that attenuation of AGE formation and/or inhibition of RAGE activation manifest(s) in improving renal function. This review provides insights of NEG, discusses the cellular and molecular events triggered by AGEs, which manifest in the pathogenesis of DN including renal fibrosis, podocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activation of renin-angiotensin system. Therapies designed to target AGEs, such as inhibitors of AGEs formation and crosslink breakers, are discussed.

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Advanced glycation end products mediated cellular and molecular events in the pathology of diabetic nephropathy

In silico analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in human TNF-α gene.

Non-enzymatic glycosylation of immunoglobulins in diabetic nephropathy.

Oxidative stress and its association with TNF-α-308 G/C and IL-1α-889 C/T gene polymorphisms in patients with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.

The nature has provided abundant plant wealth for all the living creatures, which possess medicinal virtues. Therefore, there is a necessity to explore their uses and to ascertain their therapeutic properties. Hence, the present study aims to open new avenues for the improvement of medicinal uses of Bauhinia purpurea (Leguminosae) stem bark for the selected area for anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity. Dried (crude) petroleum ether and hexane extracts of stem bark of Bauhinia purpurea were subjected for in-vitro anti-diabetic activity and petroleum ether and methanol extracts were subjected for in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The results obtained indicate that the extracts possessed significant level of activity; the highest concentration of extract was high effective as an anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agent. However, these effects need to be confirmed using in vivo models and clinical trials for its effective utilization as therapeutic agents.

In vitro anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity of stem bark of bauhinia purpurea

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end stage renal disease. Increased excretion of albumin has widely been recognized as an early manifestation of diabetic nephropathy particularly in subjects with diabetes mellitus. However, certain other proteins besides albumin may be excreted in high amount during early phase of diabetic nephropathy. The serum and urinary IgG, Glycosylated hemoglobin, fructosamine and glycosylated IgG were evaluated in the present study. Thirty-two patients of Type 2 Diabetes without any complications, thirty-one patients of Type 2 Diabetes with nephropathy, twenty-six patients of non-diabetic nephropathy and forty normal healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Subjects were grouped based on their serum creatinine level. Serum IgG, glycosylation of IgG and urinary IgG excretion were increased significantly in diabetic patients compared to healthy controls, which were further increased significantly in chronic renal failure patients with respect to the clinical stage of nephropathy. A positive correlation was observed between glycosylation of IgG and IgG excretion (R2=0.5995, 0.7114 respectively) in diabetic patients without any complications and diabetic nephropathy patients only, suggesting a significant role of IgG glycosylation in the vascular clearances of IgG during diabetic nephropathy.

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Kinnari N. Mistry

Papers

In silico analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in human TNF-α gene.

Non-enzymatic glycosylation of immunoglobulins in diabetic nephropathy.

Oxidative stress and its association with TNF-α-308 G/C and IL-1α-889 C/T gene polymorphisms in patients with diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.

In vitro anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity of stem bark of bauhinia purpurea

Non enzymatic glycosylation of IgG and their urinary excretion in patients with diabetic nephropathy