The cold rolling texture of low and extra low carbon steels is primarily made up of a nearly perfect normal direction (ND) fibre and of two other components, centred at 001 and 112 , which...

Cold rolling and annealing textures in low carbon and extra low carbon steels

Texture evolution during static recrystallization of cold-rolled magnesium alloys

Microstructure and crystallographic texture of an ultrafine grained C-Mn steel and their evolution during warm deformation and annealing

Theory of orientation gradients in plastically strained crystals

In order to improve the formability of ferritic stainless steel (FSS) sheets, the crystallographic texture of the sheets was modified by way of an intermediate annealing (IA) during the cold rolling. In the as-received hot band pronounced through-thickness texture gradients with a strong rotated cube orientation in the sheet center layer were observed. This strong initial texture has an impact on the texture and the resulting properties, including the undesired appearance of ridging, in the final recrystallized sheet. Instead of forming the {111}//ND γ-fiber texture typical of recrystallized low-carbon steel sheets, the recrystallization texture was notably shifted towards {334}〈4 8 3〉. Introduction of an intermediate anneal during the cold rolling led to a weaker, more typical bcc rolling texture with less pronounced texture gradients. Accordingly, recrystallization gave rise to the characteristic γ-fiber texture. The evolution of the different rolling textures is interpreted by means of texture simulations based on the Taylor deformation theory. The recrystallization textures are explained in terms of a preferred nucleation of recrystallization at the preexisting grain boundaries and a subsequent growth selection. The improvement in sheet formability through the IA is demonstrated by means of analysis of the R-values. Ridging is assessed through surface profile measurements.

Effect of intermediate annealing on texture, formability and ridging of 17%Cr ferritic stainless steel sheet

The effect of carbon in different states of dispersion has been examined in relation to its effect on the texture formed during the annealing of cold-rolled steel sheet. Quantitative texture analyses using orientation distribution functions have been combined with detailed metallographic investigation of changes taking place during recrystallization. Calculations have also been carried out on the rate of dissolution of carbon from cementite particles for a range of relevant conditions. Dissolved carbon present before cold rolling greatly reduces the final annealed {111} texture strength and leads instead to a spread around the Goss orientation. Dissolved carbon present with manganese during annealing also reduces the final {111} intensity, tending to replace it with a number of relatively weak minor components; this is observed during conditions of slow heating, or when primary carbide particles are numerous, and seems to be associated with a significant nucleation rate of new grains during the la...

Investigation of structure and texture development during annealing of low-carbon steel

The effect of boron on the nucleation and growth of ferrite at austenite grain boundaries is examined theoretically under the assumption that the junction of 4-austenite grain boundaries (i.e., the ...

Kinetic Model of the γ to α Phase Transformation at Grain Boundaries in Boron-bearing Low-alloy Steel

Recrystallization and grain growth play an important role in controlling the mechanical and magnetic properties of steels through texture. For example, the <111> //ND fiber texture contributes to superior deep drawability, which is preferred for automobile applications,1,2) where ND denotes the normal direction. Meanwhile, the <100> //ND texture, including {100}<001> , improves the magnetic properties, which is preferred for non-electrical steel sheets.3–5) Texture development during recrystallization and grain growth is well known to be affected by the steel composition as well as the process parameters adopted for cold rolling reduction. In low carbon steel sheets, particularly IF (Interstitial Free) steel, the {111}<uvw> component develops after Texture Evolution during Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Heavily Cold-rolled Fe-3%Si Alloy

Texture Evolution during Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Heavily Cold-rolled Fe-3%Si Alloy

Microstructural alterations such as white band (WB) including low angle band (LAB) and high angle band (HAB) following the formation of dark etching area (DEA) in bearing steels below the contact surface due to high stress rolling contact fatigue (RCF) were investigated. Although there have been many studies on the characteristics of WB, its formation mechanism has not been suf ciently clari ed yet. In this paper, we analyzed the orientation of crystal constituting WB and investigated the relationship between WB and the direction of shear stress generated by rolling contact. The morphology of WB as a function of depth from surface was observed by light optical microscope, and the crystal orientation was analyzed by scanning electron microscope-electron backscattering diffraction. It was found that LAB and HAB formed at the depth where the principal shear stress and the orthogonal shear stress become maximum, respectively. Crystal orientation analysis of LAB and HAB revealed that crystal rotates under the principal shear stress at the speci c depth, resulting in the formation of unique texture such as {111}<211> and {122}<411>, respectively. Thus, WBs were proved to be some kind of shear band. WB formation behavior of specimens with the different amount of initial retained austenite (γR) was compared in order to clarify sub-surface initiated spalling life improvement mechanism by γR. However, the WB formation behavior showed no difference irrespective of the amount of initial γR. This suggests that the WB formation is not directly related to sub-surface initiated spalling life. [doi:10.2320/jinstmet.J2019019]

Mechanism of White Band (WB) Formation due to Rolling Contact Fatigue in Carburized SAE4320 Steel

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tetsutohagane/104/3/104_TETSU-2017-074/_pdf

Kohsaku Ushioda

Papers

Investigation of structure and texture development during annealing of low-carbon steel

Kinetic Model of the γ to α Phase Transformation at Grain Boundaries in Boron-bearing Low-alloy Steel

Texture Evolution during Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Heavily Cold-rolled Fe-3%Si Alloy

Mechanism of White Band (WB) Formation due to Rolling Contact Fatigue in Carburized SAE4320 Steel

Estimation of the Effective Grain Size Controlling Brittle Crack Arrest Toughness of High-strength Steel