There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) research is a rapidly evolving field that lacks established terminology and methods for the analysis of system performance. This makes it difficult for researchers to compare devices on an equivalent basis. The construction and analysis of MFCs requires knowledge of different scientific and engineering fields, ranging from microbiology and electrochemistry to materials and environmental engineering. Describing MFC systems therefore involves an understanding of these different scientific and engineering principles. In this paper, we provide a review of the different materials and methods used to construct MFCs, techniques used to analyze system performance, and recommendations on what information to include in MFC studies and the most useful ways to present results.

Microbial Fuel Cells: Methodology and Technology†

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Transcriptional regulation in key metabolic pathways of Actinobacillus succinogenes in the presence of electricity.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a key technology for bioenergy production and biorefinery side streams treatment. Even though the technology is well established, it can sometimes be disrupted by environmental factors, such as abrupt pH changes, organic overloading and high salt concentrations. Here we evaluated whether a bioelectrochemical system (BES) could improve stability and remediate AD systems that exhibited process failure. A BES was introduced in three continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) systems, at a fixed potential difference of 1V, 0.5V and 0V (open circuit) between anode and cathode. Four other CSTR systems were operated under similar conditions without a BES. The reactors were fed with diluted molasses at an organic loading rate of 2 g COD L-1 d-1. During the first 35 days of operation, all seven reactors maintained a stable methane production of 0.6 L CH4 Lreactor-1 d-1. After that, methane production declined and volatile fatty acids (VFA) accumulated in the four reactors without a BES until 50% system inhibition was achieved after 90 days of operation. Methane production remained stable in the three reactors with BES, which indicates a stabilizing effect of the BES. After 90 days the BES were transferred to the reactors with 50% system inhibition in order to evaluate the remediation potential of the BES. Immediately after introduction of the BES, remediation took place in the three reactors, i.e. a rise in CH4 production and VFA removal, although no difference between the treatments could be detected. Microbial community analysis by means of Q-PCR revealed the importance of specific methanogenic groups on the anode and cathode of the BES. This study demonstrated that, in contrast to several other studies which could only increase methane production by introducing a BES in AD, a BES can remediate anaerobic digestion systems which exhibited severe process failure.

Korneel Rabaey

Papers

Transcriptional regulation in key metabolic pathways of Actinobacillus succinogenes in the presence of electricity.

A bioelectrochemical system as stabilizing and remediating agent in anaerobic digestion

正浸透濃縮による高速活性化Aスラッジにおける増加したカルボン酸生成【Powered by NICT】

Medium-chain carboxylic acid production from organic waste at the pilot scale

Electro-fermentation production and recovery of volatile fatty acids from thin stillage with zero chemical input